Play

Question 1

according to Hurwitz (2002), what is play a ‘significant contributor’ to?

Answer 1

the child’s cognitive, physical, emotional, and social development

Question 2

what are functional definitions of play?

Answer 2

if external goal is present, then the behaviour would not be considered play. defined as having no clear immediate benefits or obvious goal

Question 3

what are structural definitions of play?

Answer 3

describes behaviour occurring only in play. eg. play signals. behaviour not indexed by play signals can be soldiered to be play if they are fragmented, exaggerated, re-ordered.

Question 4

4 factors of play

Answer 4

intrinsic motivation, nonliterality, positive affect, flexibility

Question 5

who said that young children may need vigorous exercise?

Answer 5

smith and hagan, 1980

Question 6

describe rough-and-tumble play

Answer 6

vigorous behaviours eg. wrestling, grappling, kicking, and tumbling that would appear aggressive except for the playful context; chasing included if theres contact. social. (Pellegrini & Smith, 1998)

Question 7

what percentage of teachers can’t tell rough and tumble and play fighting apart?

Answer 7

41% - smith et al. 2002

Question 8

what are some differences between r&t and real fighting?

Answer 8

circumstances, initiated, affect, number, restraint, afterwards

Question 9

what is a difficulty when studying play with objects?

Answer 9

difficult to tell what is exploration versus play

Question 10

when does pretend play peak?

Answer 10

preschool years (2-4)

Question 11

when does pretend play decline?

Answer 11

primary school

Question 12

when is social pretend play?

Answer 12

2-3 years (Howes, 1985)

Question 13

what does sociodramatic play refer to?

Answer 13

two or more children acting out definite roles

Question 14

when do scripts emerge in social pretend play?

Answer 14

by 25-30 months

Question 15

when does awareness of social roles increase until?

Answer 15

age 5

Question 16

by what age have children mastered basic elements of social pretend play? and what does this mean they understand?

Answer 16

age 3. they understand that non-literal meaning can be shared and can integrate pretend actions into social play. also can use inanimate object and object substitutions.

Question 17

what percentage of children have an imaginary companion?

Answer 17

25-65%

Question 18

what are some gender differences in the play of Parakanā children?

Answer 18

girls pretend to pound flour and make baskets, boys hunt

Question 19

is play more valued in the US or Korea?

Answer 19

the US

Question 20

what is the ‘play ethos’?

Answer 20

developed during the 20th century in modern industrial societies. sees play as being vital and essential for development

Question 21

what are the 3 models for the importance of play in development contrasted by smith (2010)?

Answer 21

epiphenomenon, equifinality, and crucial

Question 22

describe epiphenomenon

Answer 22

play has no particular role in development, it is just a by product of other abilities

Question 23

describe equifinality

Answer 23

play is one of a number of ways children can learn and acquire skills, it is useful but not essential

Question 24

describe crucial

Answer 24

play is essential, or at least has a very privileged position

Question 25

what are some of the positive effects of break time?

Answer 25

peer relations, social skills, socialisation with peers, children like it (Blatchford, 1998)

Question 26

what is Pellegrini and Smith's 1998 hypothesis for exercise play?

Answer 26

locomotor play improves physical strength and stamina

Question 27

what is Bjorklund and Green's 1992 hypothesis for exercise play?

Answer 27

in their cognitive immaturity hypothesis they said that physical play relieves memory overload and ultimately enhances learning

Question 28

what is Boulton & Smith's 1992 hypothesis for r&t?

Answer 28

hunting skills

Question 29

what is Pellegrini's 2002 hypothesis for exercise play?

Answer 29

dominance hierarchy

Question 30

describe Barros and colleagues study on the benefits of break times

Answer 30

teachers of students who had greater than 15 mins per day rated classroom as better behaved

Question 31

describe play behaviour in meerkats

Answer 31

hierarchical with reproductive aims. lots of play fighting. did not lead to dominant wrestling. not more likely to win.

Question 32

describe a study looking at play with objects/tools

Answer 32

Pellegrini & Gustafson (2005). lure retrieval one predicted by construction. associative fluency predicted by construction. play not related to any of the tasks

Question 33

describe the results of pretend play on theory of mind

Answer 33

high fantasy vs low fantasy condition. non sig.

Question 34

describe the results of Tenebaum, Snow, Roach & Kurland (2004)'s study on fantasy talk and narrative ability

Answer 34

no relation between fantasy talk and narrative ability 2 years later

Question 35

what is EF?

Answer 35

ability to override automatic thoughts

Question 36

what is a play therapist?

Answer 36

work with children who have experienced trauma or emotional upset. encourage children to re-enact certain themes or events which can help them as they are slightly removed. helps the, think through issue more deeply