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Musculoskeletal I > Development of head and neck > Flashcards

Development of head and neck Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pharyngeal arches derived from?

A

Neural crest cells from the ectoderm

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2
Q

When does the first pair of pharyngeal arches start to appear?

A

Early in week 4 to week 5

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3
Q

What is generally derived from the pharyngeal arches?

A

All bones of head and neck

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4
Q

What composes the pharyngeal arches?

A

Mesoderm and neural crest cells (ectoderm)

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5
Q

What lines pharyngeal pouches?

A

Endoderm

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6
Q

What lines pharyngeal clefts?

A

Ectoderm

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7
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Trigeminal nerve - mandibular division (CNV)

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8
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Facial (CNVII)

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9
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CNIX)

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10
Q

What cranial nerve supplies fourth pharyngeal arch?

A

Superior laryngeal branch of the Vagus nerve (CNX)

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11
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the sixth pharyngeal arch?

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch of Vagus nerve (CNX)

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12
Q

What muscles are derived from the first pharyngeal arch? MATT

A

Muscles of mastication (temporal, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid), mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor palatine, tensor tympani

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13
Q

What parts of the skeleton are derived from the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Premaxilla, maxilla, zygomatic bone, part of temporal bone
Meckel’s cartilage, mandible, malleus, incus, anterior ligament of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament

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14
Q

What muscles are derived from the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Muscle of facial expression (buccinator, auricularis, frontalis, platysma, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi), posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius

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15
Q

What parts of the skeleton are derived from the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid, upper body of hyoid

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16
Q

What muscle is derived from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Stylopharyngeus

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17
Q

What parts of the skeleton are derived from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Greater horn and lower body of hyoid bone

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18
Q

What muscles are derived from the fourth pharyngeal arch?

A

Cricothyroid
Muscles of soft palate
Pharynx muscles

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19
Q

What muscles are derived from the sixth pharyngeal arch?

A

Intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid

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20
Q

What skeletal structure is derived from the fourth pharyngeal arch?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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21
Q

What skeletal structures are derived from the sixth pharyngeal arch?

A

Laryngeal cartilages - cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

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22
Q

What can result from first arch syndrome?

A

Facial anomalies -
Treacher Collins syndrome
Pierre Robin Sequence

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23
Q

What parts of the face are derived from the mesoderm?

A

Muscles and arteries

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24
Q

What parts of the face are derived from neural crest cells?

A

Bones and cartilage

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25
What occurs for facial development in the 5th and 6th week?
Lateral nasal prominences are separated form the maxillary prominences by deep furrows called nasolacrimal groove
26
What occurs for facial developments between the 7th and 10th week?
Merging of 2 medial nasal prominences into intermaxillary segment Merging of medial nasal and maxillary prominences results in continuity of the upper jaw and lip
27
What occurs at the end of the 4th week in nose development?
Bilateral oval thickenings of the surface ectoderm called the nasal placodes develop on the inferolateral aspects of the frontonasal prominence
28
What occurs from the formation of nasal pits in the 5th week?
2 lateral nasal prominences 2 medial nasal prominences
29
What is derived from the frontonasal prominence?
Bridge of nose Forehead Medial and lateral nasal prominences
30
What is derived from the medial nasal prominence?
Crest and tip of nose Intermaxillary segment
31
What is derived from the lateral nasal prominence?
Alae of nose
32
What is separated from the nasolacrimal groove and what does is later form?
Maxillary from lateral nasal prominence Nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac
33
What is derived from the intermaxillary segment? MIP
Middle part (philtrum) of upper lip Incisors Primary palate
34
What is derived from the maxillary prominence?
Cheeks Lateral portion of upper lip
35
What is derived from the mandibular prominence?
Lower lip and lower face
36
What occurs in the 6th week of development in facial development?
Nasal pits deepen further into underlying mesenchyme and growth of nasal prominences
37
What originally separates nasal pits from oral cavity?
Oronasal membrane
38
What is formed by rupture of oronasal membrane?
Primitive choanae
39
What forms the palate?
Definitive choanae
40
What is the nasal septum formed from?
Frontal prominences fuse with definitive palate
41
What forms the paranasal sinuses?
Diverticula of lateral nasal wall that extend into maxilla, ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid bones
42
When does palatogenesis begin?
Week 6
43
What is the critical period of development for the palate?
End of week 6 to beginning of week 9
44
What is the secondary palate derived from?
Palatine shelves from maxillary prominence fuse in midline
45
What forms the definitive palate?
Primary and secondary palate fuse at incisive development
46
What forms the hard palate?
Bone develops in anterior part of definitive palate
47
What causes a cleft lip?
Failure of fusion of maxillary prominence with medial nasal prominence
48
What causes oblique facial cleft?
Failure of fusion of maxillary prominences with lateral nasal prominence exposing nasolacrimal duct to surface
49
What causes cleft palate?
Failure of fusion of palatine shelves with each other or and/or primary palate
50
What is the effect of retinoic acid on facial deformities?
Can cause if in excess or in lack
51
What causes first arch syndrome?
Lack of migration of neural crest cells into first pharyngeal arch
52
What are two types of first arch syndrome?
Treacher Collins syndrome/mandibulofacial dysostosis Pierre Robin syndrome/Robin sequence
53
What are characteristics of Treacher Collins syndrome?
Autosomal dominant Underdeveloped zygomatic bones Mandibular hypoplasia/micrognathia Lower eyelid colobomas(notch) Malformed external eears Normal IQ
54
What are characteristics of Pierre Robin syndrome?
Mandible development severely affected Triad of micrognathia, cleft palate, glossoptosis Compression of chin against chest in oligohydramnios
55
What are the characteristics of holoprosencephaly?
Extensive deficiency of midline tissue Eyes have fused - synophthalmia Proboscis - single nasal opening Upper lip from fusion of maxillary prominences Narrow head Brain with single ventricle
56
What causes holoprosencephaly?
Mutations in SHH Maternal exposure to teratogens in week 3
57
What are characteristics of Van der Woude syndrome?
Autosomal dominant Cleft lip with or without cleft palate Low lip pits in 88% of cases Cleft palate alone Hypodontia
58
What is mutated in Van der Woude syndrome and its function?
Interferon regulatory factor 6 Fusing of palatal shelves
59
What are characteristics of oculoauriculovertebral spectrum/hemifacial microsomia/Goldenhar syndrome?
Number of craniofacial abnormalities - typically involve small and flat maxillary, temporal, and zygomatic Eye - tumor jand dermoids Ear - anotia, microtia Fused and hemivertebrae - spina bifida CVS abnormalities in 50% of cases
60
What arches are related to oculoauriculovertebral spectrum/hemifacial microsomia/Goldenhar syndrome?
First and second pharyngeal arches
61
What is derived from the first pharyngeal pouch?
Tubotympanic recess
62
What is derived from the second pharyngeal pouch?
Palatine tonsil
63
When are tonsils infiltrated with lymphatic tissue?
Month 3-5
64
What is derived from the ventral wing of the third pharyngeal pouch?
Thymus
65
What is derived from the dorsal wing of the third pharyngeal pouch?
Inferior parathyroid glands
66
What is derived from the dorsal wing of the fourth pharyngeal pouch?
Superior parathyroid glands
67
What is derived from the ventral wing of the fourth pharyngeal pouch?
Ultimobranchial body - parafollicular cells - calcitonin
68
What makes up the tubotympanic recess?
Primitive middle ear cavity Tympanic membrane Eustachian/auditory tube
69
What is affected to cause DiGeorge syndrome?
Third and fourth pharyngeal pouches Deletion of long arm of chromosome 22 Disruption of neural crest cells
70
What are characteristics of DiGeorge syndrome?
Congenital heart defects Mild facial dysmorphology Learning disabilities Recurrent infections due to thymic hypoplasia/aplasia Hypoparathyroidism-hypocalcemia
71
What happens to the second, third, and fourth pharyngeal clefts?
Buried by second arch Form cervical sinus, which obliterates
72
What causes pharyngeal/branchial fistulas?
When 2nd pharyngeal arch fails to grow over third and fourth arches, leaving 2nd, 3rd, and 4th clefts in contact with surface by narrow canal Cervical cyst from remnant of cervical sinus
73
Where would you find pharyngeal/branchial fistulas?
Lateral neck anterior to sternocleidomastoid, often just below angle of jaw
74
What causes internal pharyngeal/branchial fistulas?
Cervical sinus connected to lumen of pharynx by small canal due to rupture of membrane between second pharyngeal cleft and pouch
75
Where do internal pharyngeal/branchial fistulas typically open?
Tonsillar region
76
What is formed from the first pharyngeal cleft?
Epithelial lining of external auditory meatus

Musculoskeletal I (14 decks)

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