Lower limb Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
What 3 main ligaments make up the hip joint?
A
Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
2
Q
What are the extensors of the hip?
A
Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings
Adductor magnus
3
Q
What are the abductors of the hip?
A
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
tensor fasciae latae
4
Q
What are the medial rotators of the hip?
A
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
5
Q
What are the flexors of the hip?
A
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Tensor fasciae latae
Rectus femoris tendon
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
6
Q
What are the adductors of the hip?
A
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Obturator externus
Gracilis
7
Q
What are the lateral rotators of the hip?
A
Obturator externus and internus
Piriformis
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris
Gluteus maximus
8
Q
What is the main artery for the head of the femur?
A
Medial circumflex to retinacular
9
Q
What can be damaged with a fracture to the neck of the femur?
A
Retinacular arteries/medial circumflex which may cause avascular necrosis
10
Q
What is the sign of congenital hip dislocation?
A
Trendelenburg sign
11
Q
What are the characteristics of developmental dysplasia of hip?
A
Shallow hip socket, abnormal acetabulum
12
Q
What is the most common type of hip dislocation?
A
Posterior
13
Q
What nerve can be injured in a posterior hip dislocation?
A
Sciatic
14
Q
What are the bursae in the gluteal region?
A
Trochanteric
Ischial
Gluteofemoral
15
Q
What nerve innervates gluteus medius and minimus?
A
Superior gluteal nerve
16
Q
What are the actions of gluteus medius and minimus?
A
Abduction and medial rotation at hip
Steadies pelvis contralaterally when one leg is raised
17
Q
What is the innervation of gluteus maximus?
A
Inferior gluteal nerve
18
Q
What are the actions of gluteus maximus?
A
Extension and lateral rotation of hip
Standing from sitting
19
Q
What innervates tensor fasciae latae?
A
Superior gluteal nerve
20
Q
What are the actions of tensor fasciae latae?
A
Abduction, medial rotation, and flexion at hip
Extension at knee
21
Q
What is the innervation of piriformis?
A
Branches of anterior rami (L5-S2)
22
Q
What are the actions of piriformis?
A
Lateral rotation and abduction
23
Q
What are the actions of obturator internus?
A
Lateral rotation and abduction
24
Q
What is the innervation of obturator internus?
A
Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)
25
What are the actions of gemelli?
Lateral rotation and abduction?
26
What nerves innervate the gemelli?
Superior - nerve to obturator internus
Inferior - nerve to quadratus femoris
27
What are the posterior nerves of the gluteal region?
Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Nerve to piriformis
Common fibular
28
What are the anterior nerves of the gluteal region?
Nerve to quadratus femoris
Nerve to obturator internus
Pudendal
Posterior femoral cutaneous
Tibial
29
What two nerves form the sciatic nerve?
Common fibular
Tibial
30
What is innervated by the pudendal nerve?
Perineum
31
What are the arteries of the gluteal region from internal iliac?
Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Internal pudendal
32
What is the sign of trochanteric bursitis?
Point tenderness over greater trochanter
33
Where are intergluteal injections given?
Superolateral quadrant of buttocks
34
What can be complications of an improper intragluteal injection?
Nerve injury, hematoma, or abscess
35
What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?
Great saphenous
Small saphenous
36
What are some deep veins of the lower limb?
Femoral
Popliteal
Fibular
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Profunda femoris
37
What drains into the superficial inguinal nodes?
Lymph from thigh, perineum, gluteal region, and lower abdominal wall
38
What drains into the deep inguinal nodes?
Superficial inguinal nodes and deep structures of lower limbs
39
What drains into the popliteal nodes?
Lymph from heel, lateral foot, and back of leg
40
Where do the superficial deep inguinal lymph nodes drain?
External iliac nodes
41
What is formed by fascia lata?
Iliotibial tract
42
what is the antero medial proximal opening of the fascia lata called?
Saphenous opening
43
What passes through the saphenous opening?
Great saphenous vein and some lymphatic vessels
44
What are the three compartments of the thigh?
Anterior
Medial
Posterior
45
What nerve innervates the anterior thigh?
Femoral
46
What nerve innervates the medial compartment of thigh?
Obturator
47
What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Sciatic
48
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Iliopsoas
Psoas major
Sartorius
Pectineus
Quadriceps femoris
49
What muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
50
What is the function of iliopsoas?
Flexion of hip
51
What is the function of psoas?
Flexion of hip
52
What is the function of sartorius?
Flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation at hip
Flexion at knee
53
What is the function of rectus femoris?
Extension at knee
Aids in flexion at hip
54
What is the function of the vastus muscles?
Extension at knee
55
What muscles are in the medial compartment of thigh and the main innervation?
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Gracilis
Obturator externus
Adductor magnus
Obturator N
56
What is the function of adductor longus and brevis?
Adduction at hip
57
What is the function of gracilis?
Adduction at hip
Flexion and medial rotation at knee
58
What is the function of obturator externus?
Lateral rotation of hip
59
What is the function of adductor magnus?
Adduction, flexion, and extension of hip
60
What two nerves innervate adductor magnus?
Obturator
Tibial of sciatic
61
What muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Hamstrings
62
What are the hamstrings?
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
63
What innervates semitendinosus and semimembranosus?
Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
64
What are the actions of semitendinosus and semimembranosus?
Extension and lateral rotation at hip
Flexion at knee
Extension of trunk
65
What innervates the long head of biceps femoris?
Tibial division of sciatic
66
What innervates the short head of biceps femoris?
Common fibular of sciatic
67
What are the actions of biceps femoris?
Flexion of knee
Lateral rotation at hip
Extension of hip while walking
68
What muscle is usually involved in groin injury?
Adductor longus
69
What spinal nerves form sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
70
What are common lesion sites of the sciatic nerve?
Posterior dislocation of femur
Herniated lumbar discs
Improper intramuscular injection
Piriformis entrapment syndrome
Hip implant
71
What sensation is innervated by sciatic nerve?
Posterior thigh, posterior leg, and sole of foot
72
What is the sensory portion of the sciatic nerve in the thigh called?
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
73
What are the spinal nerves found in the femoral nerve?
posterior L2-L4
74
What is the sensation innervated by femoral nerve?
Anterior thigh and medial leg and ankle
75
What is the name of the femoral nerve in the lower leg?
Saphenous nerve
76
What are common lesion sites of the femoral nerve?
Lateral psoas abscess
Trauma to pelvic girdle
77
What nerve innervates sensation of lateral thigh?
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
78
What spinal nerves form obturator?
Anterior L2-L4
79
What innervates sensation of medial thigh?
Obturator
80
What are common lesion sites for obturator?
Surgery/tumors affecting lateral pelvic wall
Childbirth
Medial psoas abscess
81
What is the base of the femoral triangle?
Inguinal ligament
82
What is the lateral boundary of the femoral trinagle?
Sartorius muscle
83
What is the medial boundary of the femoral triangle?
Adductor longus muscle
84
What forms the apex of the femoral triangle?
Medial border of sartorius cross lateral border of adductor longus
85
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral nerve and branches
Femoral artery and branches
Femoral vein and tributaries
Deep inguinal lymph nodes and vessels
86
What forms the floor of the femoral triangle?
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Adductor longus
87
What are the three compartments of the femoral sheath and what do they contain?
Lateral - femoral artery
Intermediate - femoral vein
Medial - femoral canal
88
What is the function of the femoral canal?
Allows expansion of femoral vein
89
What is contained in the adductor canal?
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Saphenous nerve
90
What does the femoral artery become as it crosses into lower leg?
Popliteal artery
91
What are the branches of the popliteal artery?
Anterior tibial
Posterior tibial
92
What are the branches of the femoral artery?
Profunda femoris
Perforating
93
What are the branches of profunda femoris?
Medial circumflex
Lateral circumflex
94
What artery goes to posterior thigh?
Perforating from femoral
95
What artery goes to medial thigh?
Obturator
96
What artery goes to anterior thigh?
Femoral
97
Where can the femoral artery be manually compressed?
Just inferior of midpoint of inguinal ligament
98
What are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?
Anterior cruciate
Posterior cruciate
Medial and lateral menisci
99
What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?
Ligmentum patella
Fibular/lateral collateral
Tibial/medial collateral
Oblique popliteal
Arcuate popliteal
100
What muscles perform medial rotation at the knee?
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
101
What muscle performs lateral rotation at the knee?
Biceps femoris
102
What are the bursae around the knee?
Suprapatellar
Popliteus
Anserine
Subtendinous
Semimembranosus
Prepatellar
Subcutaneous infrapatellar
Deep infrapatellar
103
What sign is used to check ACL?
Anterior drawer sign
104
What sign is used to check PCL?
Posterior drawer sign
105
What is the sign of a medial meniscus tear?
Pain with external rotation of flexed knee
106
What is the sign of a lateral meniscus tear?
Pain with internal rotation of flexed knee
107
What ligaments are involved in the unhappy triad?
Medial meniscus
Medial collateral ligament
ACL
108
What forms anastomoses around the knee?
Branches of popliteal artery called geniculars
109
What is the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?
Biceps femoris
110
What is the superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus
111
What forms the inferolateral and inferomedial boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius
112
What forms the roof of the popliteal fossa?
Skin and popliteal fascia
113
What forms the floor of the popliteal fossa?
Popliteal surface of femur, capsule of knee joint, fascia covering popliteus muscle
114
What is contained in the popliteal fossa?
Termination of small saphenous vein
Popliteal vein and its tributaries
Popliteal artery and its branches
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
Popliteal lymph nodes and vessels
Fat
115
Where is the best place to palpate for a popliteal pulse?
Inferior part of fossa
116
What does a weak or absent popliteal pulse indicate?
Femoral artery obstruction
117
What are the three compartments of the lower leg?
Anterior
Lateral
Posterior
118
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis
Extensor digitorum
119
What is the innervation of the anterior muscles of the lower leg?
Deep fibular nerve
120
What is the main action of tibialis anterior?
Inversion of foot
121
What is the action of extensor hallucis and extensor digitorum?
Extension of digits
Dorsiflexion of foot
122
What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the lower leg?
Fibularis/peroneus longus
Fibularis/peroneus brevis
123
What innervates the lateral muscles of the lower leg?
Superficial fibular nerve
124
What is the action of the lateral muscles of the lower leg?
Eversion of foot
125
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
126
What innervates the posterior muscles of the lower leg?
Tibial nerve
127
What are the actions of gastrocnemius?
Flexion of knee
Plantarflexion
Raise heel with walking
128
What is the action of soleus?
Plantarflexion
129
What muscles form achilles/calcaneal tendon?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
130
What is the action of flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus?
Flexion of digits
131
What is the action of tibialis posterior?
Inversion of foot
132
What nerve is affected in tarsal tunnel syndrome?
Tibial nerve
133
How do you test the calcaneal tendon reflex?
Flex knee, externally rotate hip, and dorsiflex foot. Tap achilles tendon
134
What is the deep fascia of the plantar surface of the foot?
Plantar aponeurosis
135
What are the plantar muscles?
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor hallucis
Lumbricals
Quadratus plantae
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Plantar interossei
136
What is the normal response to plantar reflex/stroke?
Flexion of toes
137
What is an abnormal response to plantar reflex in older children and adults?
Babinski sign
138
What is the origin of the common fibular/peroneal nerve?
Posterior division of sciatic nerve
139
What structures does the peroneal nerve pass next too?
Popliteal fossa
Neck of fibula
140
What lower leg compartments are innervated by the peroneal nerve?
Anterior and lateral compartments
141
What sensation is innervated by peroneal nerve?
Skin of anterior and lateral compartment of leg and dorsum of foot
142
What are common lesion sites of the peroneal nerve?
Piriformis entrapment
Posterior thigh
Head/neck of fibula
143
What are the branches of the peroneal/fibular nerve?
Deep fibular/peroneal
Superficial fibular/peroneal
144
What nerve is damaged with foot drop?
Common peroneal/sciatic
145
What is a common lesion site for deep peroneal nerve?
Anterior compartment of leg - compression
146
What is a common lesion site for the superficial peroneal nerve?
Lateral compartment of leg
Chronic ankle sprains
147
What compartment of the lower leg is innervated by the tibial nerve?
Posterior compartment and plantar surface of foot
148
What are common lesion site of the tibial nerve?
Posterior thigh
Posterior leg
Posterior to medial malleolus
Plantar foot
149
What are signs of tibial nerve damage?
Weak knee flexion
Weak plantar flexion
Weak inversion
Decreases Achilles reflex
Weak flexion of toes
Sensory loss of posterior thigh, posterior leg, and plantar foot
150
What are the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint?
Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular
151
What are the medial/deltoid ligaments of the ankle joint?
Tibiotalar
Tibionavicular
Tibiocalcaneal
152
What is the most common ligament injured in a lateral ankle sprain?
Anterior talofibular
153
What are the tarsals?
Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
154
What is the purpose of the foot arch?
Protect nerve and vessels from compression
Weight distribution/bearing
Shock absorbers
155
What are the three foot arches?
Medial longitudinal
Lateral longitudinal
Transverse
156
What is needed to form the arches of the feet?
Shape of bones
Strength and support of pedal ligaments
Strength and tone of muscles
157
What does the posterior tibial artery split into?
Medial and lateral plantar arteries of foot?
158
What artery becomes the dorsalis pedis artery?
Anterior tibial arterior
159
Where can you palpate the popliteal artery pulse?
Inferior in the popliteal fossa
160
Where can you palpate dorsalis pedis pulse?
Feet slightly dorsiflexed
161
Where can you palpate the posterior tibial artery?
Posterior to medial malleolus
162
What nerve would be damaged with parasthesia of the medial foot?
Saphenous
