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Musculoskeletal I > Skin physiology > Flashcards

Skin physiology Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is lowest ambient temperature?

A

~27 C

Mammals can maintain body temp at BMR

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2
Q

What occurs at very low temperature?

A

Cardiac fibrillation and failure

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3
Q

What is lower lethal core temp?

A

26 C

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4
Q

What occurs with very high temp?

A

Heat stroke

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5
Q

What is upper lethal core temp?

A

43.5 C

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6
Q

What is the normal body temp?

A

37 C or 98.6 F

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7
Q

What is the normal range of body temp?

A

36.3-37.1 C or 97.3-98.8 F

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8
Q

What is the difference in oral temp and core body temp?

A

It is 0.5 C less than core body temp

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9
Q

What are the sites for recording core body temp?

A

Rectum
Vagina
Tympanic membrane

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10
Q

What is the normal temp variation in infants?

A

0.5C more than normal

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11
Q

What is a normal temp variation in old age?

A

Lower than normal

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12
Q

When is there a higher normal temp in females and what is the difference?

A

Ovulation

0.5 C higher

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13
Q

What is the diurnal variation of temp?

A

1.5 C
Lowest in morning and highest in evening

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14
Q

What activities of the body produce heat?

A

BMR
Muscle activity
Effect of thyroxine
Epinephrine, norepinephrine - sympathetic stimulation
Increased chemical activity
Extra metabolism - thermogenic effect of food

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15
Q

What are the mechanisms of heat loss in the body?

A

Insulator system of body
Blood flow to skin
Control of heat conduction to skin by sympathetic NS
Radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
Sweating and regulation by ANS
Loss of heat by panting
Role of ant hypothalamic-preoptic area in thermostatic detection of temp

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16
Q

What functions as insulator of the body?

A

Skin, subcutaneous tissues - especially fat

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17
Q

What is the percentage of heat removed by radiation?

A

60%

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18
Q

What is the percentage of heat lost by conduction to solid objects? Conduction to air?

A

3%

15%

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19
Q

What is the quantity of heat loss for evaporation?

A

0.58 calorie for each gram of water

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20
Q

About how much water is evaporated a day?

A

600-700 mL

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21
Q

What are the two types of temp regulating reflexes?

Study These Flashcards
A

Peripheral on skin
Central in hypothalamus, spinal chord, abdominal organs

22
Q

What is the ‘thermostat’ of the body?

Study These Flashcards
A

Preoptic region of anterior hypothalamus

23
Q

Where is the output from thalamus sent and how?

Study These Flashcards
A

Sympathetic nerves to sweat glands, skin arterioles, and adrenal medulla
Motor neuron to skeletal muscles

24
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone?

Study These Flashcards
A

25-30 C or 75-85 F

25
What is the heat loss center?
Preoptic and anterior hypothalamic nuclei
26
What is the heat gain center?
Posterior hypothalamus
27
What will occur with warming of the anterior hypothalamus?
Vasodilatation Sweating Hyperpnoea
28
What will damage heat loss response?
Injury to anterior hypothalamus
29
What will occur with stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus?
Vasoconstriction
30
What will happen with injury to posterior hypothalamus?
Abolishes response to cold Interferes with heat response
31
What nerves are involved with autonomic thermoregulation?
Sympathetic adrenergic vasomotor nerves (cutaneous vasoconstriction and vasodilation) Sympathetic cholinergic nerves to sweat glands
32
What nerves are involved with somatic thermoregulation?
Nerves to skeletal muscle Nerves to respiratory muscles
33
What is role of the adrenal medulla in thermoregulation?
Adrenaline release Vasoconstriction Metabolic rate and heat production
34
How will adrenal cortical insufficiency effect thermoregulation?
BMR low - low cold tolerance and lower core body temp
35
How is thyroid hormone involved in thermoregulation?
Calorigenic Action of adrenaline calorigenesis Warm skin with hyperthyroidism
36
What mechanisms are stimulated by cold to conserve heat?
Vasoconstriction Reduction of surface area - curling up Behavioral responses Piloerection Abolition of sweating
37
What mechanisms are stimulated by cold to produce heat?
Increase muscle tone Shivering Increase voluntary activity Adrenaline and noradrenaline secretion Thyroxin production Hunger Increased appetite
38
What mechanisms are stimulated by heat to cause heat loss?
Vasodilation Sweating Behavioral response Insensible perspiration Increased respiration Excretion of urine and feces
39
What mechanisms are stimulated by heat to decrease heat production?
Decreased muscle tone Decreased secretion of epinephrine Decreased appetite Apathy Decrease voluntary activities Decrease TSH secretion
40
What temp is considered a fever?
>99 F
41
What is a pyrogen?
Any substance that increases set point of hypothalamus
42
What are examples of a pyrogen?
Gram neg bacterial endotoxins Interleukin-1 Inflammatory mediators
43
What are characteristics of febrile condition?
Increased heat production by shivering and metabolism Diminished heat loss by vasoconstriction Skin is warm and flushed Subsides by sweating Antibody production high Many microorganisms destroyed Hyperthermia slows growth
44
What are treatments for fever?
Tepid sponging Antipyretic agents Aspirin Treatment of cause
45
How does aspirin work against fever?
Blocks PG-E2
46
What temperature indicates heat stroke?
41 C or 106 F
47
What are symptoms of heat stroke?
Headache Restlessness Mental confusion/delirium Convulsions CV collagpse Coma
48
How should heat stroke be treated?
Bring down temp with ice packs to 102 F Fluids Medical emergency
49
What is the temp that indicates hypothermia?
<35 C
50
At what temp is the ability of the hypothalamus to regulate temp lost?
28 C or 85 F
51
What are symptoms of hypothermia?
HR, BP, and RR decreased LOC Heart fibrillation

Musculoskeletal I (14 decks)

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