Development of Human Locomotion

Question 0

What is reflex stepping?

Answer 0

Flexed posture, elicited stepping

Question 1

What are the seven stages of upright posture development?

Answer 1

1. Reflex stepping
2. Static phase
3. Transition
4. Deliberate stepping
5. Independent stepping
6. Heel-toe progression
7. Maturity of erect locomotion

Question 2

What is static phase?

Answer 2

Can maintain supported upright posture

Question 3

What is transition?

Answer 3

Can stand in position - no progression

Question 4

What is deliberate stepping?

Answer 4

Attempts to step with hands held

Question 5

When is maturity of erect locomotion developed?

Answer 5

Developed by age 3-4 years

Question 6

What are the stages of locomotor development?

Answer 6

Early stepping, rolling, crawling, creeping, cruising, upright ambulation, running, jumping, hopping, galloping, and skipping

Question 7

When does early stepping occur?

Answer 7

Reflexive at birth through one month

Question 8

What is rolling?

Answer 8

Prone to supine or supine to prone - able to initiate due to the influence of righting reactions in infancy

Question 9

What are the four phases of rolling?

Answer 9

1. Newborn phase
2. Spinal extension
3. Automatic rolling
4. Deliberation

Question 10

What is the newborn phase of rolling?

Answer 10

Predominant flexion posture - rolling is spontaneous

Question 11

What is the spinal extension of rolling?

Answer 11

Movement from side-lying to supine (1-2 months) and movements from side-lying to prone (4-5) months - rolling without segmentation

Question 12

What is automatic rolling?

Answer 12

Occurs from 4-8 months - segmental rotation of the body - initiated by UE followed by LE and trunk

Question 13

What is crawling?

Answer 13

Army crawling

Question 14

What is creeping?

Answer 14

All fours, quadruped, belly off surface

Question 15

What is cruising?

Answer 15

Movement using surfaces

Question 16

When does upright ambulation (walking) occur?

Answer 16

9-15 months - matures by age 3.5

Question 17

Describe upright ambulation.

Answer 17

Shorts steps minimal leg/hip extension, everted heels, no trunk rotation, and high guard

Question 18

How does the LE develop?

Answer 18

Genu varum –> legs straight –> genu valgum –> legs straight

Question 19

Describe gait during 9-15 months.

Answer 19

Wide BOS, hips flexed, ABD, and ER, knees flexed and in varus, high body fat, and short stride

Question 20

Describe gait 18-24 months.

Answer 20

Limbs straight, decreased BOS, prolonged stance and increased cadence, and heel strike develops

Question 21

Describe gait 3-3.5 years.

Answer 21

Valgus alignment, COM closer to extremities, and heel strike with knee flexion

Question 22

Describe gait 6-7 years.

Answer 22

Fully mature gait pattern, COM level of L3, and tibiofemoral angle neutral

Question 23

What are aging effects on gait?

Answer 23

Slower walking speed, decreased arm swing, reduced pelvic rotation, decreased hip and knee rotation, and increased stride width

Question 24

What are the phases of stair climbing?

Answer 24

1. Ascent - stance phase 2. Swing phase 3. Descent phase

Question 25

What is the ascent phase?

Answer 25

Weight acceptance, pull-up, and forward continuance

Question 26

What is the swing phase?

Answer 26

Foot clearance and foot placement

Question 27

What is the descent phase?

Answer 27

Achieved through eccentric contraction of the same muscles - work to control the body with respect to the force of gravity

Question 28

What are the types of stair climbing?

Answer 28

Marking time/step to, ascending vs descending, adult stair climbing - alternate foot pattern

Question 29

What does running involve?

Answer 29

Flight time - two feet off the ground at the same time

Question 30

What are types of jumping?

Answer 30

Step down from higher level, one-foot jump down, two-footed jump, and long jump

Question 31

What is hopping?

Answer 31

Push off one foot and land on the same foot

Question 32

What is the first asymmetric gait pattern in a child?

Answer 32

Galloping

Question 33

When does galloping develop?

Answer 33

20 months after first step

Question 34

What percentage of children can gallop at age 4?

Answer 34

43%

Question 35

What is skipping?

Answer 35

Step hop step hop

Question 36

What percentage of children can skip by age 4?

Answer 36

14%