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Neuroscience - Test 3 > Lifespan Development > Flashcards

Lifespan Development Flashcards

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0
Q

What country has the highest and lowest life expectancy?

A 
Highest = Japan
Lowest = US
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1
Q

What is life span?

A

Maximum survival potential of a particular species

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2
Q

What are four variable affecting life span development?

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychological
  3. Sociocultural
  4. Life-cycle
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3
Q

What is the biological variable?

A

Heredity, health, and anything physical

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4
Q

What is the psychological variable?

A

Cognitive, emotional, behavioral, personality, and variables derived from those

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5
Q

What is the sociocultural variable?

A

Social and cultural environment, ethnicity, and religious beliefs and practices

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6
Q

What is the life-cycle variable?

A

Interaction of all the above with each life stage of each individual

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7
Q

What is aging?

A

All changes occurring with passage of time - growth, development, and degeneration

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8
Q

What is senescence?

A

Degeneration that occurs after the age of peak functional efficiency

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9
Q

What are the leading causes of death from 18-34?

A

Accidents, homicides, suicides, and AIDS

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10
Q

What are the leading causes of death after 55?

A

Cancer, stroke, diabetes, heart and lung diseases

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11
Q

What timeframe is middle age?

A

50-69

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12
Q

What time frame is old age?

A

60 and older

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13
Q

What are the periods of human development?

A
  1. Prenatal period
  2. Infancy - 18 to 24 months
  3. Early childhood - infancy to age 5
  4. Middle and late childhood - 6 to 11 years
  5. Adolescence
  6. Early adulthood - late teens through 30s
  7. Middle adulthood - begins 35-45 and ends 55-65
  8. Late adulthood - 60s until death
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14
Q

What is the main change associated with adolescence?

A

Puberty (women - estrogens/males - testosterone)

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15
Q

When do growth spurts occur for boys and girls?

A

Boys - 12.5

Girls - 10

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16
Q

How do proportions change for boys and girls?

A

Boys - shoulders broaden and legs grow longer

Girls - hips broaden

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17
Q

How does muscle-fat makeup change for boys and girls?

A

Boys - gain more muscle mass and aerobic efficiency

Girls - gain more fat

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18
Q

How does sleep change in adolescence?

A

Declines - need 10 hours in middle childhood but only need 7.5-8 hours in adolescence

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19
Q

What are the primary characteristics associated with adolescence?

A

Maturation of reproductive organs

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20
Q

What are the secondary characteristics associated with adolescence?

A

Development of breasts, growth of pubic hair, voice changes, and altered skin texture

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21
Q

What are the consequences with early maturing for boys and girls?

A

Boys - popular, confident, independent, positive body image

Girls - unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence, negative body image, more deviant behavior

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22
Q

What are the consequences with late maturing for boys and girls?

A

Boys - unpopular, anxious and talkative, attention-seeking, and negative body image
Girls - popular, sociable, lively, and positive body image

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23
Q

How does bone formation change?

A

Bone formed faster than resorbed in early development and slows down and does not keep pace with resorption

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24
What is the result of loss of bone with aging?
1% per year
25
How does bone composition change with aging?
Children - equal organic/inorganic components | Adults - 7x more inorganic components
26
What percentage of bone is lost with osteoporosis?
2-3% per year
27
How do estrogen levels change?
Decreased levels in postmenopausal women
28
What does estrogen stimulate?
Osteoblastic activity
29
How does diet and exercise affect bone loss?
Diet - deficiency in calcium | Exercise - increases bone formation
30
How does body composition change with aging?
Lean body weight decreases with increase of fat weight
31
What percentage of muscle mass is lost and at what ages?
25-50 - 10% | 50-80 - 30%
32
How does the number and diameter of muscle fiber change with aging?
Decreases.. 5% by age 50 35% after age 50
33
How does aging affect the heart?
Ability to adapt to increased workload decreases - degeneration of heart muscle, decrease in elasticity, and changes in fibers of heart valves
34
How does the nervous system change as we age?
Birth - brain is 25% of weight Age 4 - brain is 80% of adult weight Increasing size of neurons, increasing branching as synapses formed, increase in glia and mylein
35
When are the spinal cord and lower brain centers most developed?
Birth
36
When do cortical areas mature in the brain?
4-5 months
37
What do PET scans reveal with regards to activity and age in the frontal cortex?
5 days old - little activity 11 weeks old - increased activity 7-8 months old - adult activity levels
38
When does myelination increase in the spinal cord?
2-3 weeks post birth and continues through age 2-3
39
How does myelination timing explain developmental timing?
Cervical portion first followed by lower portions - first motor skill a baby learns is how to hold their head up
40
How does the nervous system change with age?
1. Decrease in neurons, dendrites, synapses, neurotransmitters, and myelin 2. Motor response to stimuli decreases 3. Cerebral and neuronal atrophy 4. ANS is leff efficient at regulating body temperature and BP
41
What three parts of the nervous system suffer the most with age?
1. Motor coordination 2. Intellectual function 3. STM
42
What percentage does the brain weigh less by age 75?
50%
43
What are changes in the integumentary system with aging?
1. Wrinkles and sagging skin 2. Gray or balding hair 3. Skin bruises easily 4. Hypothermia in cold weather and heat stroke in hot weather
44
Why do we wrinkle?
Deepest layers of skin lose their elasticity
45
When do changes in the integumentary system begin?
Late 40s
46
What is photoaging?
Degeneration in proportion to UV exposure - skin spots, skin cancer, and wrinkling
47
How many pounds does adipose tissue account for weight at birth?
1.1 lb
48
What is the average fat weight for males and females?
Females - 31 lb | Males - 22 lb
49
What is the relation of the rate of visceral fat and subcutaneous fat in childhood?
Visceral fat increases faster than subcutaneous fat
50
How does subcutaneous fat change as we age?
Decreases until age 7 and then increases from 7 to 13
51
What is the distribution of subcutaneous fat for boys and girls?
Girls - increase in trunk and limbs (legs > arms) | Boys - trunk > limbs
52
What are the average body fat gains between ages 20 and 50 for males and females?
Females - 26 lb | Male - 18 lb
53
How does total body weight change after age 50?
Declines - loss of bone and muscle and fat increases
54
At what age does fat stabilize for women?
Age 45
55
What are sensory changes associated with aging?
1. Vision decreases 2. Hearing decreases 3. Smell and taste decrease 4. Touch and temperature - lose ability to regulate temperature
56
What is menopause?
Cessation of woman's monthly menstrual flow, end of ovulation, decline in the production of female hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
57
What are changes related to the CV system with aging?
Muscle atrophy, reduction in the amount of blood pumped with each contraction, BV decrease elasticity (increases BP), diminshed HR, rise in basal systolic BP
58
What is hypertension?
Arteries are clogged and no longer elastic
59
What is hypertension leading to a heart attack called?
Hypertensive CVD
60
What are factors that contribute to HTN?
Genetics, environment, stress, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, and low SES
61
What are non-modifiable aspects of aging?
Arterial wall rigidity, cataract formation, graying of hair, kidney reserve, thinning of hair, and elasticity of skin
62
What are modifiable aspects of aging?
1. Glucose tolerance 2. Intelligence tests 3. Memory 4. Osteoporosis 5. Physical endurance 6. Physical strength 7. Pulmonary reserve 8. Reaction time 9. Serum cholesterol 10. Social ability 11. Skin aging 12. Elevated BP 13. Cardiac reserve 14. Dental decay 15. Exercise, non-smoking 16. Prophylaxis 17. Weight control, exercise, and diet 18. Training, practice 19. Weight-bearing exercise 20. Sun avoidance 21. Salt limitation
63
What is ageism?
Process of systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old

Neuroscience - Test 3 (5 decks)

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