Development of the Ametropias Flashcards

1
Q

Hirsch Longitudinal Studies in California:

______ in refractive error b/w ages 6-7 to 11-12 yrs old

A

Linear change

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2
Q

Hirsch Longitudinal Studies in California:5 or 6 yr old children w/+1.50 D or more hyperopia will ________ at age 13-14

A

still be hyperopic

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3
Q

Hirsch Longitudinal Studies in California:

Majority of 5-6 yr olds w/refractive error of +0.50 to +1.24 will be ________ (-0.49 - +0.99 D) at age 13-14

A

emmetropic

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4
Q

Hirsch Longitudinal Studies in California:

Most children entering school with refractive errors of 0 to +0.49 D will be ____ at age 13 or 14

A

myopic

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5
Q

Hirsch Longitudinal Studies in California:

Children who are myopic at age 5 or 6 will become ______

A

more myopic

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6
Q

Changes in Hyperopes Compared w/Myopes

-Among school aged children, greatest changes in refractive error occurred in _____

A

myopes

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7
Q

Refractive change is _____ when a child cross from hyperopia into myopia

A

faster

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8
Q

Onset of Myopia in Youth:

What are the four types of myopia (Grosvenor’s Classification of Myopia)?

A
  • Congenital
  • Youth-onset
  • Early adult-onset
  • Late adult-onset
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9
Q

Describe Youth-Onset Myopia.

What is the prevalence at 5-6 years of age? 15-16?

A

Most common type of myopia
Onset: school-age years
Onset for females for about 2 years earlier than males

5-6 yrs of age–> 2%
15-16 yrs of age –> 20-25%

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10
Q

Once myopia appears in childhood, it ____ until the middle to late teens

A

increases

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11
Q

Emmetropic children b/w age 6 and 14 yrs show:
1)
2)
3)

A

Increase in axial length
Decrease in crystalline lens thickness
Decrease in crystalline lens power

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12
Q

Axial Elongation of vitreous chamber is responsible for ________

A

myopia progression

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13
Q

During childhood, myopia occurs from axial length increase –> refractive power _____

A

decreases

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14
Q

_____: Axial Length Increases

A

Myopia

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15
Q

Myopic vs. Emmetropic Young Adults:
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Greater vitreous depth
2) Greater corneal power
3) Greater posterior crystalline lens radius

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16
Q

School-Aged and Young Adult Females vs. Males:
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Shorter eyes
2) Steeper corneas
3) More powerful crystalline lenses

17
Q

The earlier in life the onset of myopia occurs, the ____ amount of myopia developed by late teens to young adulthood

A

increases the

18
Q

Higher rate of childhood myopia progression is associated with?

A

the earlier onset of myopia

19
Q
Myopes vs. Nonmyopes
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Spend more time reading/lots of near work
2) Have occupations that require near work
3) Better reading ability
4) Have more years of education

20
Q

Shorter reading distance is also associated with __________

A

greater myopia progession

21
Q

Once myopic, _____ astigmats do NOT have greater rates of childhood myopia progression

A

ATR

22
Q

Children with ____ at 5-6 developed myopia by 13-14 vs those without (or WTR)

A

ATR

23
Q
These factors are associated with Higher Rates of Childhood Myopia Progression:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
A

1) Earlier onset age/higher initial amount of myopia
2) Near-point esophoria
3) Temproal crescents and other myopic fundus changes
4) Higher intraocular pressure
5) Greater amount of time spent reading and doing other near work
6) Less time spent on outdoor activities

24
Q

What are some pharmaceutical agents that control progression of Myopia?

A

Atropine and Pirenzepine

25
Q

What is the purpose of Atropine?

A

Effects the development of retinal ganglion cells

26
Q

Why is Atropine are unpopular with patients?

A

1) Complete Cycloplegia
2) Photophobia from dilation
3) Possible allergic reaction

27
Q

What is the major downfall of Atropine treatments?

A

Upon stopping treatment, Myopia progression ACCELERATES

28
Q

What are non-pharm methods for controlling Myopia?

A

1) Rigid Contact Lenses
2) Bifocal Spectacle Lenses
3) Progressive-addition Spectacle Lenses (PALs)

29
Q

This form of myopia control is most effective in lower myopia progression rates for children with esophoria at near.

A

Bifocal Spectacle Lenses

30
Q

_____ can be used for certain accommodation and vergence disorders (accommodative insufficiency, convergence excess)

A

Bifocal Spectacle Lenses

31
Q

The rate of myopia progression in Bifocals is ____ than in Single Vision Lenses

A

lower

32
Q

What is purpose of giving children with esophoria at near Bifocal Spectacle Lenses?

A

Want a near addition power to shift near phoria to ortho/low exo range