Incidence and Distribution of Refractive Anomolies

Question 1

_______ is the process in which refractive error shifts towards emmetropia

Answer 1

Emmetropization

Question 2

Name atleast 3 possible factors that affect refractive error distributions.

Answer 2

• Age
• Gender
• Ethnicity
• Geography
• Diet
• Time
• Personality
• Systemic Conditions
• Ocular Diseases

Question 3

____ is the single most important determinant of ditribution of refractive error in a given group

Answer 3

Age

Question 4

Small proportion of infants are ____ at birth

Answer 4

myopic

Question 5

Neonatal myopia is associated with ______

Answer 5

prematurity

Question 6

Age 6-8: low to moderate ____ is first observed and progesses

Answer 6

myopia

Question 7

What is the typically progression of the Juvenile-onset myopia (age 7-14)?

Answer 7

-0.40 D

Question 8

What is the typical cessation of Juvenile Onset Myopia (Age 7-14)?
Females?
Males?

Answer 8

Females: Age 14-15
Male: Age 15-16

Question 9

Refractive error ____ typically in high schoolers

Answer 9

stabilizes

Question 10

What is the prevalence of Adult-Onset Myopia and Progression of Pre-Existing myopia?

Answer 10

25%

Question 11

What does the Beaver Dam Eye Study state?

Answer 11

There is a decrease in prevalence of myopia in older age

Question 12

Trends in refractive error distribution as far as gender are _______

Answer 12

inconclusive

Question 13

NHANES study compared Caucasians and African-Americans. Found a prevalence in Myopia in ______ 2x more than in the _______ group.

Answer 13

Caucasians; African-American group

Question 14

The studies that tested school-aged and college-aged students found there is a prevalance in:
____ > ______ > _____
(list the ethnic groups)

Answer 14

Asians > Caucasians > African Americans

Question 15

Across all groups, myopia develops from

Answer 15

excessive axial length

Question 16

The Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia found that there were different ocular component profiles for groups with _______ vs. groups with _______

Answer 16

low prevalence of myopia vs. high prevalence of myopia

Question 17

True/False: The diet is a factor that heavily effects refractive error.

Answer 17

False; the diet’s effects refractive error

Question 18

What is the overall trend of time?

Answer 18

There is a decrease in prevalence of myopia with increasing age in eldery range

Question 19

There is no strong data that shows personality affects refractive error. However they have associated _____

with:
- Introversion
- Inhibited Disposition
- Disinclination for motor activity and social leadership

Answer 19

Myopia