Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy I (material for Exam II) > Development of the Neuromuscular System > Flashcards

Development of the Neuromuscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle and connective tissue is mostly developed from

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nervous tissue is mostly developed from

A

Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is the alar plate on the roof plate side or the floor plate side

A

roof plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is the basal plate on the floor plate side or the roof plate side

A

floor plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What kind of cells surround the central canal during the 4th week of developement

A

undifferentiated neuroepithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The early neural tube consists of ___________ epithelium

A

psuedostratified columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The cellular division and maturation of the neural tube cells leads to what

A

a population of bipotential progenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do the bipotential progenitor cells become

A

which will give rise to either neuronal or glial lineage progenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of neuroglia cells

A

supporting cells of the CNS. Insulate, nourish, support and protect neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the marginal layer contain

A

neuronal processes (axons) white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the the mantle layer contain

A

cell bodies (gray matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_____ and ______ migrate outward to form a intermediate mantle or cortical zone. This will become the inner grey matter that contains neuronal cell bodies and neuroglia

A

Postmitotic neurons, glioblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neuronal process (myelinated) move out to surround the developing grey matter and form the ______

A

Marginal zone (outer white matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In molecular regulation of nerve differentiation in the spinal cord ____ and ____ in the ectoderm establish a signalling center in the roof plate

A

BMP4 and BMP7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In molecular regulation of nerve differentiation in the spinal cord BMP4 in the roof plate upregulates a cascade of _____, incluiding ____ and ____, ____, and ______

A

TGF-beta proteins, BMP5 and BMP7, activin, dorsalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in molecular regulation of nerve differentiation in the spinal cord SHH from ______establishes additional SHH signaling in the floor plate

A

Notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three division of mesoderm

A

Paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is paraxial mesoderm located

A

longitudinal blocks of tissue on either side of the notochord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does paraxial meosderm give rise to

A

axial skeleton and skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to

A

Gives rise to the urogenital system (don’t forget urinary and GONADS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does lateral plate mesoderm give rise to

A

CT and skeleton of the limbs and smooth muscle and CT of viscera and blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which of the three divisions of mesoderm does skeletal muscle come from

A

Paraxial Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Somites for in what direction

A

caudally from the occipital region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Segmentation is controlled by __________

A

pulses of gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

After paraxial mesoderm differentiates into somite what three divisions are next

A

Sclerotome, myotome, dermatome

26
Q

The myotome becomes

A

skeletal muscle

27
Q

The dermatome becomes

A

Dermis

28
Q

The sclerotome becomes

A

Cartilage template for skeletal system

29
Q

Lateral mesoderm becomes what 3 divisions

A

Splanchnic (circulatory system) and viscera
Somatic (body cavity)
Extra-embryonic

30
Q

The _______ is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling pathway that regulates interactions between physically adjacent cells

A

Notch signaling network

31
Q

Molecular regulation of somite formation is largely regulated by

A

Notch signaling network

32
Q

_____ protein accumulates in presomitic mesoderm destined to form the next somite and then decreases as that somite is established. The increase in ____ protein activates other segment-patterning genes that establish the somite

A

Notch, Notch

33
Q

Boundaries for each somite are regulated by ______ and a combination of ____ and _____

A

Retinoic acid (RA), FGF8, WNT3a

34
Q

_____ is expressed at high concentrations cranially and decreases in concentration caudally during somite formation

A

Retinoic Acid (RA)

35
Q

During somite formation ___ and ____ are expressed at higher concentrations caudally and lower ones cranially

A

FGF8 and WNT3a

36
Q

The overlapping expresion gradients of ____, ____, ____ control the segmentation clock and activity of the NOTCH pathway

A

Retinoic acid, FGF8 and WNT3a

37
Q

In snakes the segmentation clock ticks fast or slower than humans

A

around 4 times faster

38
Q

What are the three divisions of a somite

A

Sclerotome, Dermamyotome ( which divides into dermatome and myotome)

39
Q

Where is the sclerotome located

A

ventromedial portion closest to the notochord

40
Q

The dermatome forms the

A

dermis (located under the epidermis in the skin)

41
Q

What does myotome give rise to

A

muscles

42
Q

Explain resegmentation

A

takes place only in the sclerotome. the rostral and caudal halves of somites segregate, and re-fuse with their neighbouring halves to form vertebra this is important for creating a space that spinal nerves go through

43
Q

Cells of the sclerotome condense around the notochord and form the _____

A

Vertebrae

44
Q

The notochord forms the _______ in intervertebral disk (between vertebra)

A

Nucleus pulposus

45
Q

Vertebral differentation is controlled by

A

Hox gene interaction

46
Q

Hox 5 leads to the formation of

A

Cervical vertebra

47
Q

Hox 6 and Hox 9 together leads to the formation of

A

Thoracic vertebra

48
Q

Hox 10 leads to the formation of

A

Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal

49
Q

What are two members of a family of transcription factors called myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs)

A

MyoD and MYF5

50
Q

Myf5 leads to myotome differentation into what

A

Hypaxial muscle only

51
Q

MyoD leads to myotome differentation into what

A

epaxial muscles

52
Q

The doral ramus innervates

A

The epaxial muscles

53
Q

Where does intermediate mesoderm move as it further developes

A

Moves to position on posterior abdominal wall

54
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm form

A 
forms gonads (excpet primitive germ cells)
Forms ducts, accessory glands of urinary and reproductive tract
55
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm divides into two divisions

A

Somatic and Spalnchnic

56
Q

The somatic lateral mesoderm forms

A

The wall of the body cavity

57
Q

The splanchnic lateral mesoderm forms

A

visceral, “internal organs” (innervated by the autonomic nervous system)

58
Q

The neuronal lineage progenitor cells give rise to

A

neurons

59
Q

The glial lineage progenitor cells give rise to

A

neuroglia cells

60
Q

What cells line the central canal

A

ependymal cells

61
Q

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are in found in what layer

A

The marginal layer

62
Q

The radial glia cell body is located in the ___ layer

A

Ventricular layer, put it has processes that extend through the intermediate (mantle layer) and into the marginal layer

Anatomy I (material for Exam II) (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions