Development of the Neuromuscular System

Question 1

Muscle and connective tissue is mostly developed from

Answer 1

Mesoderm

Question 2

Nervous tissue is mostly developed from

Answer 2

Ectoderm

Question 3

is the alar plate on the roof plate side or the floor plate side

Answer 3

roof plate

Question 4

Is the basal plate on the floor plate side or the roof plate side

Answer 4

floor plate

Question 5

What kind of cells surround the central canal during the 4th week of developement

Answer 5

undifferentiated neuroepithelial cells

Question 6

The early neural tube consists of ___________ epithelium

Answer 6

psuedostratified columnar

Question 7

The cellular division and maturation of the neural tube cells leads to what

Answer 7

a population of bipotential progenitor cells

Question 8

What do the bipotential progenitor cells become

Answer 8

which will give rise to either neuronal or glial lineage progenitor cells

Question 9

What is the function of neuroglia cells

Answer 9

supporting cells of the CNS. Insulate, nourish, support and protect neurons

Question 10

What does the marginal layer contain

Answer 10

neuronal processes (axons) white matter

Question 11

What does the the mantle layer contain

Answer 11

cell bodies (gray matter)

Question 12

_____ and ______ migrate outward to form a intermediate mantle or cortical zone. This will become the inner grey matter that contains neuronal cell bodies and neuroglia

Answer 12

Postmitotic neurons, glioblasts

Question 13

Neuronal process (myelinated) move out to surround the developing grey matter and form the ______

Answer 13

Marginal zone (outer white matter)

Question 14

In molecular regulation of nerve differentiation in the spinal cord ____ and ____ in the ectoderm establish a signalling center in the roof plate

Answer 14

BMP4 and BMP7

Question 15

In molecular regulation of nerve differentiation in the spinal cord BMP4 in the roof plate upregulates a cascade of _____, incluiding ____ and ____, ____, and ______

Answer 15

TGF-beta proteins, BMP5 and BMP7, activin, dorsalin

Question 16

in molecular regulation of nerve differentiation in the spinal cord SHH from ______establishes additional SHH signaling in the floor plate

Answer 16

Notochord

Question 17

What are the three division of mesoderm

Answer 17

Paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm

Question 18

Where is paraxial mesoderm located

Answer 18

longitudinal blocks of tissue on either side of the notochord.

Question 19

What does paraxial meosderm give rise to

Answer 19

axial skeleton and skeletal muscle

Question 20

What does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to

Answer 20

Gives rise to the urogenital system (don’t forget urinary and GONADS)

Question 21

What does lateral plate mesoderm give rise to

Answer 21

CT and skeleton of the limbs and smooth muscle and CT of viscera and blood vessels.

Question 22

Which of the three divisions of mesoderm does skeletal muscle come from

Answer 22

Paraxial Mesoderm

Question 23

Somites for in what direction

Answer 23

caudally from the occipital region

Question 24

Segmentation is controlled by __________

Answer 24

pulses of gene expression

Question 25

After paraxial mesoderm differentiates into somite what three divisions are next

Answer 25

Sclerotome, myotome, dermatome

Question 26

The myotome becomes

Answer 26

skeletal muscle

Question 27

The dermatome becomes

Answer 27

Dermis

Question 28

The sclerotome becomes

Answer 28

Cartilage template for skeletal system

Question 29

Lateral mesoderm becomes what 3 divisions

Answer 29

Splanchnic (circulatory system) and viscera Somatic (body cavity) Extra-embryonic

Question 30

The _______ is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling pathway that regulates interactions between physically adjacent cells

Answer 30

Notch signaling network

Question 31

Molecular regulation of somite formation is largely regulated by

Answer 31

Notch signaling network

Question 32

_____ protein accumulates in presomitic mesoderm destined to form the next somite and then decreases as that somite is established. The increase in ____ protein activates other segment-patterning genes that establish the somite

Answer 32

Notch, Notch

Question 33

Boundaries for each somite are regulated by ______ and a combination of ____ and _____

Answer 33

Retinoic acid (RA), FGF8, WNT3a

Question 34

_____ is expressed at high concentrations cranially and decreases in concentration caudally during somite formation

Answer 34

Retinoic Acid (RA)

Question 35

During somite formation ___ and ____ are expressed at higher concentrations caudally and lower ones cranially

Answer 35

FGF8 and WNT3a

Question 36

The overlapping expresion gradients of ____, ____, ____ control the segmentation clock and activity of the NOTCH pathway

Answer 36

Retinoic acid, FGF8 and WNT3a

Question 37

In snakes the segmentation clock ticks fast or slower than humans

Answer 37

around 4 times faster

Question 38

What are the three divisions of a somite

Answer 38

Sclerotome, Dermamyotome ( which divides into dermatome and myotome)

Question 39

Where is the sclerotome located

Answer 39

ventromedial portion closest to the notochord

Question 40

The dermatome forms the

Answer 40

dermis (located under the epidermis in the skin)

Question 41

What does myotome give rise to

Answer 41

muscles

Question 42

Explain resegmentation

Answer 42

takes place only in the sclerotome. the rostral and caudal halves of somites segregate, and re-fuse with their neighbouring halves to form vertebra this is important for creating a space that spinal nerves go through

Question 43

Cells of the sclerotome condense around the notochord and form the _____

Answer 43

Vertebrae

Question 44

The notochord forms the _______ in intervertebral disk (between vertebra)

Answer 44

Nucleus pulposus

Question 45

Vertebral differentation is controlled by

Answer 45

Hox gene interaction

Question 46

Hox 5 leads to the formation of

Answer 46

Cervical vertebra

Question 47

Hox 6 and Hox 9 together leads to the formation of

Answer 47

Thoracic vertebra

Question 48

Hox 10 leads to the formation of

Answer 48

Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal

Question 49

What are two members of a family of transcription factors called myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs)

Answer 49

MyoD and MYF5

Question 50

Myf5 leads to myotome differentation into what

Answer 50

Hypaxial muscle only

Question 51

MyoD leads to myotome differentation into what

Answer 51

epaxial muscles

Question 52

The doral ramus innervates

Answer 52

The epaxial muscles

Question 53

Where does intermediate mesoderm move as it further developes

Answer 53

Moves to position on posterior abdominal wall

Question 54

What does the intermediate mesoderm form

Answer 54

``` forms gonads (excpet primitive germ cells) Forms ducts, accessory glands of urinary and reproductive tract ```

Question 55

Lateral plate mesoderm divides into two divisions

Answer 55

Somatic and Spalnchnic

Question 56

The somatic lateral mesoderm forms

Answer 56

The wall of the body cavity

Question 57

The splanchnic lateral mesoderm forms

Answer 57

visceral, "internal organs" (innervated by the autonomic nervous system)

Question 58

The neuronal lineage progenitor cells give rise to

Answer 58

neurons

Question 59

The glial lineage progenitor cells give rise to

Answer 59

neuroglia cells

Question 60

What cells line the central canal

Answer 60

ependymal cells

Question 61

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are in found in what layer

Answer 61

The marginal layer

Question 62

The radial glia cell body is located in the ___ layer

Answer 62

Ventricular layer, put it has processes that extend through the intermediate (mantle layer) and into the marginal layer