Vessels and Circulation Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What is systemic circulation
A
From the left ventricle through the circulatory system and back to the right atrium
2
Q
what is pulmonary circulation
A
Right ventricle through lungs and into left atrium
3
Q
what is an anastomosis
A
Site where two or more vessels merge to supply the same body region
4
Q
what are arterial anastomoses
A
Ways to proved alternate blood supply routes to tissues or organs
5
Q
What are anatomical end arteries
A
vessels whose terminal branches do not anastomose.
6
Q
What happens in the event that anatomical end arteries become blocked
A
The tissues will be deprived of oxygen and an “infarct” develops (ex. Kidneys, spleen, brain)
7
Q
What are functional end arteries
A
Anastomoses are so small that arteries may be considered end arteries (ex. coronary arteries)
8
Q
Do Veins or Arteries tend to form more anastomoses
A
Veins form many more anastomoses
9
Q
what are the three layers of tunica
A
Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica externa
10
Q
Tunica intima
A
Innermost layer of a blood vessel wall
composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium, called endothelium
11
Q
Tunica Media
A
Middle layer of blood vessel wall
composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells under autonomic control
fxn: in vasocontriction and vasodilation
12
Q
Tunica Externa
A
Outermost layer of the blood vessel wall
composed of an areolar CT that contains elastic and collagen fibers and nerve fibers
fxn: helps anchor the vessel to other tissues, protects, and supports vessel
13
Q
what is the tunica externa composed of
A
Areolar CT that contains elastic and collagen fibers and nerve fibers
14
Q
What is the function of the Tunica Externa
A
Helps anchor the vessel to other tissues, protects, and supports vessel
15
Q
What is the Vasa Vasorum
A
Small blood vessels that supply the cells of the blood vessel wall
16
Q
which has a wider lumen diameter a artery or a vein
A
Vein (note that they are often collapsed though)
17
Q
Which has a larger general wall thickness an artery or a vein
A
Artery is thicker than comanion vein
18
Q
What is the cross-sectional difference between an artery and a vein
A
Artery retains circular X-sectional shape
Vein X-section tends to flatten and collapse
19
Q
Which tunic is thickest in an Artery
A
The Tunica Media
20
Q
Which tunic is thickest in a Vein
A
Tunica Externa
21
Q
Which has more elastic and collagen fibers in the tunics an artery or vein
A
Artery
22
Q
Which has a higher blood pressure an artery or vein
A
Artery
23
Q
Systemic Arteries carry what kind of blood
A
Oxygenated blood to body tissues
24
Q
Pulmonary arteries carry what kind of blood
A
Deoxygenated blood to the lungs
25
What are the three basic types of arteries
Elastic, Muscular, and arterioles
26
What characteristics change as an artery decreases in diameter
corresponding decrease in the amount of elastic fibers
| relative increase in the amount of smooth muscle
27
What is the typical size of an elastic artery
1-2.5 cm diameter
28
Elastic arteries are known as what
Conduncting arteries
29
Where are elastic arteries typically located
Near the heart
30
Elastic arteries have a high proportion of what thoughout there tunica media
elastic fibers
31
what are some examples of elastic arteries
Aorta, Pulmonary arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, common carotid and iliac
32
what results in smooth flow of blood through elastic arteries
Passive accommodation
33
what are two properties of elastic arteries
Dampen BP changes associated with heart contraction
| passive accommodation results in smooth flow of blood
34
What is the size of muscular arteries
0.3-1.0 cm
35
Where are muscular arteries located
distal to elastic arteries
36
where are elastic fibers in the muscular arteries found
Restricted to the internal and external elastic lamina
37
What is the size of arterioles
10.0 micrometers to 0.3 cm
38
In arterioles how many layers of smooth muscle are in the tunica media
Generally 6 layers, loss of layers with decreasing size
39
Are arterioles under autonomic control
Yes
40
what are some common arterial disorders
Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysms
41
What is arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
42
What is atherosclerosis
Fatty deposits and occlusion
A slow, complex disease in which fatty deposits (called plaque) build up in the inner lining of an artery, eventually causing it to narrow and restrict blood flow
43
What are aneurysms
ballooning and/or rupture of the vessel
44
What are risk factors for Atherosclerosis
Genetics, hypercholesterolemia, sex (male), age, smoking, hypertension
45
what are some treatments for atherosclerosis
Angioplasty and surgery
46
Ways to treat an aneurysm
ballooning of the vessel
47
What are the smallest blood vessels
Capillaries
48
what do capillaries connect
arterioles to venules
49
what is the diameter size of capillaries
slightly larger than diameter of single erythrocytes
50
what layers due capillaries contain
Only Tunica Intima, but this layer consists of a basement membrane and endothelium only
51
What is the function of capillaries
Allow gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and the body tissues to occur rapidly
52
What is a metarteriole
true capillaries branch off metarteriole. It feds the capillary beds
53
Pre-capillary sphincter
Controls blood flow from the metarteriole into the capillaries
54
do capillaries function independently
No!
55
What is the Thoroughfare channel
The continuation of the metarteriole through the capillary bed from arterial end to Venous end
56
True capillaries are branches off what
The metarteriole
57
What are the three basic kinds of capillaries
Continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, Sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries)
58
what type of capillary is the most common
Continuous capillaries
59
where are continuous capillaries located
Muscle, skin, lungs, CNS
60
Where are menstruated capillaries located
GI tract, kidney, endocrine glands
61
Where are sinusoid (discontinuous capillaries) located
Suprarenal glands, spleen, liver, anterior pituitary
62
systemic veins carry what kind of blood
Deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
63
Pulmonary veins carry what kind of blood
Oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart
64
Veins hold what percent of the body's blood when at rest
60%
65
Veins function as blood ______
Reservoirs
66
Blood pressure is substantially _______ by the time blood reaches the veins
Reduced
67
Walls of veins are relatively ______ and the vein lumen is ______
Thin, Large
68
Venules merge to form
Veins
69
A Venule becomes a Vein when
its diameter is greater than 100 micrometers
70
The Tunica media of veins is composed of
little muscle and is mostly elastin
71
What is the thickest layer of a vein
The Tunica Externa
72
Veins have _____ walls and _____ muscle than arteries
Thinner, less
73
what is the function of valves in veins
To prevent blood from pooling in the limbs and to prevent blood blackflow
74
Numerous _____ along a veins length assist in moving blood back to the heart
Valves
75
Many deep veins pass between what
Skeletal muscle groups
76
what is the purpose of deep veins passing between skeletal muscle groups
Skeletal muscle contract causing the veins to be squeezed thus help pump blood toward the heart
77
What does the skeletal muscle pump refer too
The contraction of skeletal muscle leading to the squeezing and pumping of deep veins
78
What are Varicose Veins
Dilated, tortuous veins
| most common in lower limbs
79
What are the causes of varicose veins
Valves are nonfunctional causing blood to pool
| can be caused by genetics, aging, stress (standing , pregnancy, obesity)
80
What is Sclerotherapy
a treatment used for Varicose Veins
| irritant injected into smaller veins to cause scarring and closure
81
What are some ways to treat Varicose Veins
Sclerotherapy, Vein ablation
82
What are some clinical observations for chronic venous insufficiency
Skin discoloration, eczema, induration, venous ulcers, varicose vein rupture, leg swelling
Caused by incompetent venous valve- leading to venous congestion and high pressures within the superficial veins
83
where is a DVT most common
in sural (calf) or femoral (thigh) region
84
what is the most serious complication of a DVT
PE
85
what is another name for a blood clot
Thrombus
86
risk factors for DVT
```
Pregnancy, Economy class syndrome
Poor blood circulation (heart failure, increased blood thickness, small blood clots, prolonged immobilization)
Venous injury (Surgery, Trauma)
Increased blood clotting (anti-clotting factor deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, certain cancers, platelet disorders)
```
87
How is a DVT treated
With Anticoagulants
88
What is blood pressure
force/unit area in mmHg applied to walls of blood vessels
89
what is systolic BP
during ventricular contraction (120mmHg)
90
What is Diastolic BP
During Ventricular relaxation (70mmHg)
91
What is pulmonary circulation
responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, and then returning the newly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart
92
In pulmonary circulation the arteries carry what
deoxygenated blood
93
In pulmonary circulation the veins carry what
oxygenated blood
94
blood is pumped out of the right ventricle into the ____
Pulmonary trunk
95
When does cardiopulmonary circulation end
when blood enters the aorta
96
Does pulmonary circulation provide blood to the lung tissues
No
97
Describe the flow of blood through the pulmonary circulation
right ventricle---> pulmonary trunk-----> pulmonary arteries-----> lungs-----> pulmonary veins----->left atrium
98
List the branches of the Aorta in relation to the left ventricle
Coronary arteries, Brachiocephalic (right common carotid, R subclavian), Left common carotid (left internal carotid, let external carotid), Left subclavian, Thoracic aorta (above the diaphragm)
99
The brachiocephalic has two main branches what are they
Right subclavian (Right vertebral and right axillary), Right common carotid (right internal carotid and right external carotid)
100
what is Bifurcation
Division of something into two branches or parts
101
explain the Bifurcation of the Aorta
descending aorta brances at the common iliac artery, then into the internal iliac artery and external iliac artery
102
Explain the main path of lower extremity venous return
external iliac and internal iliac -------> the common iliac -----> to inferior vena cava
103
where does the ascending aorta start
aortic orifice
104
Where does the ascending aorta end
T4/5 sternal angle
105
Where does the aortic arch start
T4/5
106
Where does the aortic arch end
T4
107
Where does the aortic arch reach
T3/4
108
What gives oxygenated blood to the lung tissues
Bronchial arteries
109
Head and neck arterial supply is derived form either ___ or ______
common carotid artery or vertebral artery
110
The common Carotid artery supplies oxygenated blood to
neck, face, and anterior brain
111
The Vertebral Artery supplies blood to
The posterior brain
112
The vertebral artery is a branch off what artery
The subclavian artery
113
what arteries arise int he carotid triangle
```
Superior thyroid artery
ascending pharyngeal artery
lingual artery
facial artery
occipital artery
```
114
What are the branches off the external carotid artery
Superior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, lingual artery, facial artery, occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Terminal branches ( maxillary artery, and superficial temporal artery)
115
What are the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery
maxillary and superficial temporal artery
116
What is the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)
an important anastomosis of arteries around the sella turcica
117
What forms the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)
formed form posterior cerebral arteries and posterior communicating arteries (branches of the posterior cerebral arteries), internal carotid arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, and anterior communicating arteries (which connect the two anterior cerebral arteries).
118
What is the function of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)
Equalizes blood pressure in the brain and can provide collateral channels should one vessel become blocked
119
Branches of the external Carotid Artery
Superior thyroid artery, superior laryngeal artery, suprahyoid artery, lingual artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, facial artery, maxillary artery, posterior auricular artery, superficial temporal artery
120
The Coeliac trunk is located at
T12
121
The superior mesenteric artery is located at
L1
122
The Inferior mesenteric artery is located at
L3
123
The bifurcation of the descending aorta is located at
L4
