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Developmental Flashcards

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0
Q

Who used Ainsworths S.S to look for cultural variations in attachment?

A

Van ijzendoorn snd kroonenberg

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1
Q

What is attachment?

A

The formation of a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary care giver

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2
Q

What did Van ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg review?

A

32 existing studied involving 8 countries and over 2000 people

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3
Q

What did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg find?

A

That overall securely attached was the most common type, and insecure resistant was the least common

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4
Q

Where did V&K find that insecure avoidant was most common?

A

In western european countries more than eastern. Particularly in west germany.

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5
Q

Which countries was insecure resistant more common in?

A

Isreal, japan and china than in western cultures

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6
Q

What happens in an Israeli kibbutz?

A

Children may not be with their parents all day, but know everybody in the small community so would be unused to strangers

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7
Q

What differences did V and K find within cultures?

A

In one study in Japan there were no avoidant children and high number of resistant but in another the findings were more like Ainsworths original findings

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8
Q

Why was Van I and K’s study good?

A

Review included both western and no western countries, and used a large sample of over 2000 children

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9
Q

What did Van I and K’s study include that supported it?

A

Several sub- cultural groups within highly populated countries such as kibbutism

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10
Q

Where were only 3 of the 32 studies carried out? WEAKNESS

A

In china and japan

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11
Q

Why is comparison of cultures different? WEAKNESS

A

The variation shows that there isn’t one single form of child rearing style. There are many different comparisons.

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12
Q

What can the Strange Situation be criticised on the grounds of?

A

Ethical issues and the possibility of demand characteristics

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13
Q

What did True et al study?

A

attachment in the dogon people in mali, where the emphasis is on natural child rearing methods

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14
Q

What did Konrad Lorenz find?

A

That animals are not born with a ready made image of their parents

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15
Q

What did lorenz do?

A

Took a clutch of goslings and divided them into 2 groups

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16
Q

What were the 2 groups in lorenz’s study?

A

Group 1- mother

Group 2- incubator

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17
Q

What did group 2 first see when they hatched in lorenz’s experiment?

A

Lorenz himself

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18
Q

What did the 2nd group do in Lorenz’s experiment?

A

Followed lorenz

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19
Q

What did lorenz’s study suggest?

A

That young animals imprint on the first object it sees

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20
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

The idea that all behaviour is learned through observation/asasociation/environment

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21
Q

What does the food act as in classical condition? (Pavlov’s dogs)

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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22
Q

What role does the dog play? Pavlov’s dogs)

A

Unconditioned response

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23
Q

What role does the tuning fork play? Pavlov’s dogs

A

Neutral stimulus

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24
What happens when the tuning fork is initially played?
There is no conditioned response
25
When the tuning fork and food are presented to the dog together, what happens?
There is a unconditioned response
26
What happens when the tuning fork is played alone for the 2nd time?
There is a conditioned response
27
What is classical conditioning?
Learning via response/stimuli
28
What is operant conditioning?
Learning via reinforcement
29
Why is the learning theory good?
It provides an adequate explanation of how attachments are formed and it is a popular theory
30
Who did a key study for operant conditioning?
Skinner's rat
31
Where does evidence of aggression come from?
Observational studies of children in day care
32
What did blurton jones find about agressive behaviours?
Most occur over 'property rights'
33
What was shown about aggression between the ages of 1&2?
Conflicts occurred over the possession of a toy, where the focus was on the toy, not the other chid. Children were trying to remove an obstacle to get what they wanted
34
What did blurton jones say it is important observe?
Facial expressions when recording aggressive behaviours
35
Why is day care research weak?
Most of the research is culturally biased as most is carried out in the USA reflecting western values
36
What cannot be concluded about day care? WEAKNESS
That it causes aggression in chidren
37
Why is a correlational study for day care weak?
Correlational link - cannot infer cause and effect
38
Why might the use of the strange situation in day care be a problem?
The experiment os designed to observe children's reactions to stressful situation, children in day care are used to such separations
39
What did british research into childminder day care in London and oxfordshire reveal?
That children often appeared insecure in the care of childminders
40
What can we conclude about childminders?
Some unregistered and untrained childminders may provide a poor emotional and material environment for children
41
How can the quality of child care be improved?
By providing training courses and encouraging registration with the local authority (now usual practice in most areas
42
What did schaffer find about day care?
Found that consistency and quality of care are important
43
What must you do to achieve consistency in day care? (Schaffer)
Ensure minimal turnover of staff | Arrange so that each child is assigned to a specific individual who is available and feels responsible for that child
44
What does research suggest about children of employed mothers?
Those in good quality childcare may actually benefit compared to those of non-employed mothers
45
What did schaffer say the benefits of day care were?
Extra experience with other adults and with peers in child care settings
46
What did mooney and munton review?
40 years research
47
What didn't mooney and munton find any evidence for?
That working mothers stunt their childrens emotional or social development
48
What did mooney and munton say about poor quality care?
Even poor quality day care makes no difference to a child from a stable family
49
What did mooney and munton say about good quality day care?
Provides real benefits
50
What/who did schaffer and emerson observe?
60 babies from mainly working class homes in glasgow
51
What did schaffer and emerson meaure?
1) separation distress | 2) stranger anxiety
52
What did schaffer and emerson find?
That infants were not most attached to the person who fed them
53
Who did s&e find that the infants were most attached to?
The person who was most responsive & who interacted with them the most
54
What did s&e say about 'cupboard love'?
It is not a likely explination
55
Why did s&e have high ecological validity?
Longitudinal study in natural environment
56
Why was the fact that s&e used observations and diary records?
This would provide a rich amount of data
57
Why may s&e study not be generalisable?
Historical validity - child rearing in the 1960's - may not be generalisable
58
What does learning theory ignore?
Biological factors - assumes we are born as a blank slate. Doesn't take into account evolutionary or genetic explanations for attachment
59
ASCMI
``` A - adaptive S - Social Releasers C - critical period M - monotropy I - internal working model ```
60
what did bowlby say about breaking the bonds?
bowlby argued that if there is a break in the mother-infant attachment bond in the first years of life, the child's social,emotional and intellectual development would be seriously and permanently harmed
61
what were bowlby's 3 components of distress?
1. protest 2. despair 2. detachment
62
what did bowlby mean by protest?
the immediate reaction to separation, includes: crying, kicking, screaming, generally struggling to escape
63
what did bowlby mean by despair?
calmer behaviour though may include crying, child still feels fear and anger inwardly and may no longer expect the mother to return. Hardly reacts to other's offers of comfort - may prefer to comfort themselves through thumb-sucking, rocking etc.
64
what did bowlby mean by detachment?
- if the separation continues, the child may join in again but treats people alike and superficially and may reject mother on reunion - atachment bonds may have to be relearned
65
what was robertson and robertson's observational study?
of short term maternal deprivaton
66
who did robertson and robertson observe?
john who was 17 months old and stayed in a residential nursery for 9 days while his mother was in hospital having another baby = this was his first separation from his mother, his father visited him in the evenings
67
how did robertson and robertson observe?
james robertson filmed John using a cine camera, while joyce robertson observed john and made notes about his behavour
68
what did john show in robertson and robertson's study?
all the components of bowlby's model of distress
69
what did the john study both support and challenge? robertson and robertson
bowlby's theory of maternal separation
70
why did robertson and robertson believe john was very distressed because of?
this was due to no suitable mother-substitute rather than maternal deprivation
71
what did further research from robertson and robertson show?
that distress could be minimised with good substitute mother care
72
how did robertson and robertson's study help change hospital policies?
it is now usual for parents to accompany children during their stay in hospital to ensure continuous unbroken attachment
73
when did research find about different factors that influence levels of distress?
- separation is most distressing between 7/8 months and three years - boys tend to be more distressed than girls - distress is worse if: - there have been behaviour problems in the past - if the relationship with mother is too close - if it's the first separation from the mother
74
main adverse effects of divorce on children
- generally, lower levels of academic achievement and self-esteem - higher incidence of anti-social and delinquent behvaiour - psychological adjustment problems during childhood and adolescence - earlier social maturity (leaving home, tennage pregnancy)

Pyschology (6 decks)

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