Developmental👶🏼 Flashcards

Question

Smell and taste

Answer 1

Smell followed by taste Swallow and inhale amniotic fluid Turn head to odourants in mother’s diet Increased foetal swallowing to alcohol, later preference Selectionary response to own amniotic fluid and mother’s colostrum and breast milk

Answer 2

Position relative to gravity Sensed by three fluid filled canals in inner ear Fluid moves to hairs in hairs for brain to process Preterm babies rocked in incubator to stimulate

Answer 3

5 weeks- balloon structures, fold to two layer cup retina develops 2 months- lens develops, eye muscles 9 weeks-optic nerve cross over 5-7 month- REM, open eyes 30 weeks- can see patterns if born preterm

Answer 4

6 weeks- auditory system 9 weeks- cochlea develops 14 weeks- vestibular system starts to work 25 weeks- detects vibrations of mother’s voice and heartbeat

Answer 5

Learning during prenatal period and remembered during postnatal period 35 weeks- learning/habituation Learn sounds in utero, prefer mother’s voice and suck more to activate it (preterm babies do not show this) 4 days old- Discriminate language from foreign

Answer 6

Chromosomal abnormalities increases with maternal age Social function impairments increased with paternal age, could be from DNA myelination abnormalities in sperm Inherited gene disorders Maternal stress- premature birth but can be beneficial Nutrition- low nutrition premature birth and low weight Syphilis- liver damage, impaired eyesight and vision Teratogens- environmental contaminants: drugs, alcohol, smoking

Answer 7

Smoking- increased spontaneous abortion, nicotine causes abnormal growth of placenta. Behavioural problems with attention Alcohol- leading cause of mental retardation, fetal alcohol syndrome underdeveloped brain Drugs- low birth weight, born addicted to heroin

Answer 8

Stage of development Psychological state of mother Teratogen concentration

Answer 9

Vulnerable to risk behaviour with peers Universal sequence, onset from 8-15 years Stops at menopause for women, persists for men Maturity based on limbic structures and hypothalamus

Answer 10

Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates pituitary gland Releases leutenising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. Signal sex hormones to be released to sex organs Sex hormones bind to ventral striatum, amygdala, cortex changing emotional response

Answer 11

Menarche: the term for a girl’s first period. It signals that ovulation has begun (although is often irregular for a few years) Spermarche: the term for a boy’s first fejaculation, which signals sperm production has begun

Answer 12

Immature gonads or pituitary gland transplanted to adult matures immediately, reproductive function Altering hypothalamus/limbic system prevents prepubertal animal developing normal reproduction

Answer 13

Primary- directly involved in reproduction: testicles and ovaries Secondary- not for reproduction: body hair

Answer 14

``` Girls ahead by months or years Genes and ethnicity effect Obesity quickens Stress quickens Malnutrition delays ```

Answer 15

Girls- at risk of parental conflict, bullying, early sexual activity and substance use Boys- more socially poised and respected but less empathy

Answer 16

Lymphoid system (tonsils) decrease in size. Less susceptible to asthma and colds, oily skin Body rhythms change, stay up and rise later

Answer 17

Reduced grey matter in cortex myelination increases white matter Visual and somatosensory mature first, higher order (frontal cortex) later, Subcortical regions mature before cortical More sensitive to dopamine, oxytocin Amygdala and hippocampus increase in size, basal ganglia decreases

Answer 18

Adolescents heightened levels of emotion, uncontrollable turmoil BUT not inevitable

Answer 19

Imbalance between hyper-activated early maturing limbic system with late developing prefrontal cortex control system (inhibits processes) Causes specific behaviours e.g. risk taking

Answer 20

Appetitive- sucrose water Aversive- salt water Hyper responsive compared to adults Heightened attention to reward and threat (Activated ventral striatum)

Answer 21

Alcohol abuse 16-19 Cannabis 18-19 Cocaine 21-24

Answer 22

Earlier male onset, smoking marijuana greater risk Rats impaired synaptic plasticity and structural changes Endocannabinoid system role in brain maturation, over activation (THC) causes long lasting changes

Answer 23

Relevance of genetic factors on alcohol use increases with age, environmental factors decrease, Extent to which genetics affect determined by environment, peer networks and community

Answer 24

Perception-4-11 yr see one figure (less flexible) Young teens see both, more flexible Attention- allocate attentional resources to one topic, better selective attention on adolescents (ignore irrelevant info)

Answer 25

Time for brain to receive output info/speed mental calculations carried out. Partially driven by white matter maturation

Answer 26

Cross out us test- match shapes to stimulus Matrix reasoning and block design- VSS ability Analysis synthesis- solve missing parts of puzzle Concept formation-identify geometric rule

Answer 27

Rapid development of face processing (adult level 16) Different info about faces represented in memory at different times. Children rely on individual features while adults on configuration

Answer 28

SPAN TASK- items presented rapidly, repeat as soon as possible SPATIAL SPAN TASK- blocks presented in arrangement, asked to repeat STM improves throughout childhood: neurological changes and stimuli familiar. Better WM in adolescence

Answer 29

Young- rehearsal | Older kids- chunking, more elaborate organisation strategy

Answer 30

Experience dependent plasticity- ability to learn Experience expectant plasticity-neural activity from stimulation Adolescence and infancy are sensitive periods for experience expectant plasticity

Answer 31

Spatial info 11-12 years Manipulate spatial units 13-15 Self organisation 16-17 Recognition and memory did not develop over this age

Answer 32

Rapid expansion linguistics but IQ stable across age IQ may be more stable when older, poor IQ correlation as a child (more context dependent factors) doesn’t distinguish between fluid and crystallised intelligence

Answer 33

Wechsler’s intelligence scale for children 6-16 Verbal and performance scale Teens perform better than children, abilities develop rapidly

Answer 34

Crystallised- store info, skills, strategies acquired through education and experience Fluid-reason, think abstractly. Measured in culture free tasks Tested separately-crystallised intelligence increases rapidly in adolescence. Fluid decreases from 20s

Answer 35

Average 3 IQ points per decade, biggest growth fluid intelligence. Genetics cannot explain Environmental factors- Enchanted nutrition, Health, quality and access of education, reduced family size, complex society, technology

Answer 36

Deductive- general premises draw specific conclusions from (all cows fly, Bertha is a cow so can fly) Inductive-specific premise draw general conclusion (Bertha,Daisy,Mabel can fly, they are only cows on farm, all cows on the farm can fly)

Answer 37

Some adults struggle deductive, easier to reason about UNIVERSAL (all) than PARTICULAR quantifier (some) Deductive develops during adolescence, easier with a concrete form Preschoolers show deductive when material is familiar, rely less on content. Understand both by 13 years

Answer 38

Solve problem by comparing it to similar problem solved previously (A is to B as C is to D) requires abstraction 9-10 simple reasoning understood 12 solve if concrete 13-14 understand abstract

Answer 39

Requires use of crystallised intelligence, derive relationship that is not inherent to make connections Not solved reliably until 16-17

Answer 40

Age 12+ final stage Abstract thought, reality one of many possibilities, imagine mathematical calculations, hypothetical reasoning (theories explain phenomena, test) INTERPOSITIONAL thinking-relate parts to others to solve problems

Answer 41

May need to draw pictures to solve problems | INTRAPOSITIONAL thinking- concrete symbols

Answer 42

Balance differently weighted blocks Concrete no success but wouldn’t abandon original hypothesis Formal (teens) gave up original hypothesis when wasn’t working

Answer 43

Balance scale task- predict movement of scale, only adolescents consider weight and distance Pendulum task-how string length influences pendulum speed Formal operational test hypothesis systematically

Answer 44

Follow up studies fail to replicate Only small proportion of teens show formal operations and some never reach Culture and education effects it Formal operations domain specific

Answer 45

Older teens more open to training in logical reasoning Physics students did well Cultures where scientific thinking not emphasises perform poorly but greater cognition in other areas

Answer 46

Few adolescents used advanced rule (inconsistent with Piaget) Thinking may become rule based (domain specific) instead

Answer 47

Gains across generation (permutation, pendulum, mechanical curve) but same in conservation task Related to Flynn effect

Answer 48

Tasks largely failed by 12 year olds and undergrads | When shown answer refused to admit mistake, incorrect theory (not lack of evidence) led to incorrect predictions

Answer 49

Fail to separate their opinion and evidence, search for confirmatory evidence Don’t abandon when contradicted Need a plausible alternative to accept other

Answer 50

``` Possibilities (not just present) Systematic hypothesis testing Plan ahead, think of future Introspection (metacognition) Context of thought (moral, social) ```

Answer 51

Exploratory decision making- Gambling task improves during adolescence Not as good in making decisions based on past outcomes Tower of London task (strategic planning) better performance late adolescence, better working memory and impulse control

Answer 52

GROWTH- new skills, emotions and function DIFFERENTIATIONS- range of activities, behaviours, larger individual differences SYNTHESIS-integrate new knowledge, fulfilling adulthood of done well

Answer 53

Autonomous, emotionally regulated, Sense of self and identify, Form close relationships with peers DOMAINS (social environment, puberty, family, peer group and self)

Answer 54

Sequences development according to evolutionary timeline. Retract species development (phylogeny) in their growth (ontogeny) Human embryos have slits in neck like fish, more primitive areas maturing before recent (cognitive) LEADS TO STORM AND STRESS struggle to shed primitive ways Education could suppress phylogeny

Answer 55

Exaggerated effect Not universally a difficult time Stress may not be negative

Answer 56

Psychological experiments can be experimented on Behaviour = interactions between person and environment Forces across time and space between individual and environment creates dynamic field

Answer 57

Map of lifespace- person, available goals and barriers. Factors influence behaviour. Regions separated by boundaries (needs and perceptions) region activated when try and solve problem Represent forces acting on individual (move towards or away from goal)

Answer 58

Different goals compete for individual’s locomotion e.g. study vs party Goals have both positive and negative values e.g. job offer but far away

Answer 59

Locomotion towards cognitively unstructured regions Familiar regions change e.g. body Susceptible to behavioural patterns, regions become more numerous and less permeable Must change group membership, social locomotion (transition from child to adult) may be prone to instability

Answer 60

Outdirected time-external goals, work Other people directed time- social Inner directed time-hobbies Non directed time-relaxation Girls more social relationships, boys more passive At risk if more non directed time, less external goals

Answer 61

Black/white similarities but differences in inner directed types Black-less gender differences, instruments Differences- values, basketball vs the mall Rural youth-more boredom, delinquency and substance use, low self esteem more non directed time

Answer 62

Most teens spend most time alone (exercise/study) Interact with peers, community and family Hungary: more with family Netherlands: more alone

Answer 63

5th stage of ego, not exclusive to adolescence Conflict about who you are and your personal identity. Successfully complete the stage = strong sense of self through life

Answer 64

Identity- who you are, values and direction in life. Drives relationship and career Role confusion- weak sense of trust, little autonomy or initiative. Little exploration in adolescence. Vocation may not match interests and skills

Answer 65

Self concept- depends on context later, organised and combined Self esteem-rises from mid to later adolescence. Affected by Pubertal timing (early for girls, late for boys), Child rearing style, Social environment

Answer 66

Identity achieved- higher self esteem, moral and open to ideas, feel in control Identity foreclosure- passive in identity concerns, inflexible. Resist info that threatens stability Identity diffusion- believe in fate and luck, avoidance cognitive style. Risk for depression

Answer 67

Inability to distinguish between perception of others and reality Focus on own perceptions, psychological metamorphosis Believe others are as attentive to behaviour as self

Answer 68

Imaginary audience-believe others are watching | Personal fable- believe special and invulnerable (confidence vs recklessness)

Answer 69

Personality- confident to pursue goals Family-secure base Peers-trusting, supportive School, community- promote development opportunities

Answer 70

Heteronomous morality (stage 1) younger children see justice and rules as interchangeable ``` Autonomous morality (stage 2) older children laws are created by people. Consider intentions and consequences Tied to formal operational thought ```

Answer 71

Adolescents recognise their beliefs are one of many-debates on what is right or wrong

Answer 72

``` Personality- flexible and open minded Child rearing- authoritative Peers-different views Culture-industrialised=acquired faster Schooling- stimulating and challenging ```

Answer 73

Additional challenges, accumulative stress (conflict between culture and host country)lower self esteem over differences in independence Bicultural identity- explore and adopt values from both cultures

Answer 74

Preconventional- no internalisation of moral value. Children worry about punishment from those with more power Conventional-abide by standards of others. Concerned with meeting external social expectations Post conventional-internalised morality, universal ethical principles

Answer 75

Cognitive development Modelling (how others cope) Peer relations

Answer 76

Moral reasoning may not lead to normal behaviour in real world Excludes other values e.g. caring Culturally biased, happens at different rates

Answer 77

Women score lower (better at interpersonal care, rated lower)and males better at justice orientation rated higher Concluded males developed quicker and to greater degree Gillian- different moral development. Integrate complementary male justice and female to reach potential Recent studies show no gender difference however

Answer 78

Degree morality is central to self concept Strengthened: inductive discipline, opportunities for civic engagements. Parents enforce compassion for those less fortunate Extra curricular activities-induce social change, democratic schooling Religion- those who remain have lower delinquency, alcohol, early sex

Answer 79

Gender stereotypes increase

Answer 80

Authoritarian- obedience, punishment Permissive- no rules Uninvolved-little guidance or attention Authoritative-IDEAL, rules and positive. More likely to identify with parents and imitate warm people, moral Pubertal maturation has increased emotional distance with parents

Answer 81

Warmth- responsiveness, degree of affection and acceptance = competence Structure- demandingness, extent rules exist =fewer behavioural problems Autonomy support-encourage independence=less distress

Answer 82

Less than 10% strained with parents | Resilience if develop well despite it

Answer 83

Best friends decline, intimacy more important, disclose less to friends and more to partner or parents. Same sex friends more common Girls- emotional closeness, communal concerns Boys- more variable, status and achievement Closeness can lead to corumination and anxiety

Answer 84

Meet new people, explore concerns in less threatening contexts Calling/texting but if used too much is unhappy See social media neither negative or positive effect on people their age

Answer 85

Cliques- 5-8 members. Similar attitudes, family background, more important for girls Crowds-several cliques, membership based on reputation, stereotype Identity in school structure, modify behaviours, beliefs, decline in importance as dating increases

Answer 86

Begins from cultural expectations Younger= recreation, group activities Later=more intimate Too young= drug use, delinquency 10-20% dating violence, lesbian/gay youth especially

Answer 87

``` 11% arrests are adolescent FACTORS: Parenting Low socioeconomic status Peer pressure Literacy Lack of parental guidance Population increase ```

Answer 88

Preventing early at multiple levels Intense/lengthy training parents in communication, discipline Experience to improve social skills, cognition Zero tolerance NOT effective

Answer 89

Claims should be verifiable, referenced Data may have been interpreted Own beliefs may affect his claims are evaluated

Answer 90

Evidence based intervention program: Improve parenting skills, competence, prevention. Combines learning strategies Whole community rather than specific problem groups Integrate access to support services, active skills training and support

Answer 91

Uptaken and used by service providers rather than success of intervention itself Uptake by service providers, quality of program, training and post training Manageable in the institution Internal advocate of the program

Answer 92

``` Who-source What-message Which-channel to communicate through Whom-audience Effect-purpose, destination of communication ```

Answer 93

Knowledge- present innovation Persuasion- argue why innovation is good to use Decision-consumer accepts or rejects Implementation-consumer uses Confirmation-review innovation, decides whether to continue

Answer 94

``` Getting research published can be more than 10 years Study and analysis Write manuscript, submit Peer review, feedback and changes Manuscript accepted Published online, later in paper Delay=less time for replication File drawer problem=non significant findings less likely published ```

Answer 95

Aware of audience (fellow scientists, laypeople policy makers) Explain concepts that target audience may not know Avoid misleading reader by omitting info/one sided Aware most readers will not understand statistical analysis which results are based on Respond to wrong statements or quotes by writing research Active contributor in debates around topic Teach others how to interpret findings

Answer 96

Trying out different aspects of identity without committing

Answer 97

Children fail to identify without person’s glasses, encode non essential info 8 year olds accurate as adults on facial expressions and lip reading but 10 year worse than adults on matching head orientation Female advantage in face memory but not perception

Developmental👶🏼 Flashcards

(122 cards)