Developmental Psych Flashcards

(70 cards)

1
Q

In Utero

A

Language development is happening but not to the extent that we think about language

For example: they have a preference for their mother’s voice

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2
Q

Placenta

A

Screens/filters harmful substances coming in from mother

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3
Q

Why does the placenta have a problem?

A

Placenta can’t do it all; things slip through and can harm the baby

These are called TERATOGENS

For example: constant use of alcohol/drugs

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4
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A
  • learning difficulty
  • low IQ/intellectually disabled
  • facial dysmorphology
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5
Q

Examples of facial dysmorphology?

A

Bridge of nose super wide and thick; lips disformed, teeth with massive gaps, etc.
~ Not just in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome but other genetic conditions as well

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6
Q

Utero Reflexes

A

can come back as adults; they are innate/automatic survival mechanisms

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7
Q

4 survival reflexes in babies

A

1.) Rooting reflex
2.) Sucking reflex
3.) Startle reflex
4.) Grasp reflex

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8
Q

Rooting reflex

A

If you touch the corner of a newborn’s mouth, they will automatically turn their head and root for food/nipple so they can survive

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9
Q

Sucking reflex (coupled with rooting)

A

If you put a nipple in their mouth, they innately know how to suck out the milk

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10
Q

Startle reflex

A

If you startle a newborn, they put their hands up in the air for attention

  • Attention grabber and then coupled with crying to protect themselves and get help
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11
Q

Grasp reflex

A

Automatically latches your finger/something if you put near their hand

  • Physical/grasping mechanism to prepare themselves and learn motor skills when they get older
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12
Q

What happens to baby reflexes when you age?

A

They get buried when you no longer need them, but they do disappear entirely

  • For some people in adulthood, like those with dementia, these reflexes can reappear (leading you to be dependent on someone else again)

It is a last ditch survival mechanism

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13
Q

What do you remember about the frontal lobe?

A

Takes up 40% of cortex

Terms of development:
- last part of the brain to develop in utero; doesn’t stop maturing until 25
- AGE 3-6 MOST RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF FRONTAL LOBE OCCURS (explosion of development)

What is happening in the frontal lobe during ages 3-6?
*Language development rapidly increases
*Brain is especially plastic at this time, which is why 3-6!
*Motor skills developing (walking)
** Pruning

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14
Q

Why is it hard to learn a new language when you are older?

A

Ages 3-6 is the best time to teach a child a new language since the brain is so plastic at this time; the brain is solidified and done growing as an adult, making it much more difficult to learn a new language

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15
Q

What is pruning again?

A

Links and connection in brain that are not used, so the brain trims away the ones you don’t need in a process called PRUNING

  • removing synaptic connections that are unused
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16
Q

What is special about motor development?

A

It is UNIVERSAL in children and does not vary by region, culture, etc.

Different pace but same order sequence

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17
Q

Universal motor development

A

1.) Sit
2.) Crawl
3.) Walk
4.) Run

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18
Q

Who was a major player in cognition?

A

John Piaget

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19
Q

Criticism surrounding John Piaget’s work

A

The participants of his research were his own kids, so his theories are biased to his children and not on diverse population

  • HOWEVER, his stage model tends to hold up though
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20
Q

Piaget’s Schema

A

1.) Assimilation
2.) Accommodation

  • based on knowledge, experience, and exposure
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21
Q

What is a Schema?

A

Way for us to organize concepts

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22
Q

Assimilation

A

Integration of new information into existing schema

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23
Q

Accommodation

A

Introduction of something new and slightly different that changes/broadens a person’s schema

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24
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of how children learn through adolescence (cognitive)

A

1.) “Sensorimotor”
2.) “Preoperational”
3.) “Concrete Operational”
4.) “Formal Operational”.

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25
"Sensorimotor" stage
- Age 0-2 roughly - Learn through interacting with the world (putting everything in their mouth to see what it is; walking and getting into everything, etc.) - Object permanence
26
What is object permanence?
Understanding that something exists even if out of sight or hearing (develops during stage 1)
27
"Preoperational" stage
Higher order functioning (cognitive, etc.) - Don't have the necessary ability to perform higher order functioning or mental operations - Age 2-7 - Language is starting to develop more rapidly - Conservation (same amount in different vessels...) - Significant egocentrism rapid in this stage
28
Conservation
Idea that amounts of things can be the same despite different vessels/sizes Kids do NOT have this - Kids think other kids are getting more than them
29
Egocentrism
You can't take the point of view of someone else (you can only think about yourself)
30
"Concrete Operational" stage
- Age 7-11 - Can do "basic" higher order functions/operations - Conservation at this point - General math concepts, etc.
31
What does "Concrete" mean?
Basic; limited
32
"Formal Operational" stage
- Age 12+ - Imagined symbols/symbolic thinking - This will continue to progress
33
What does "Formal" mean?
Abstract/hypotheticals
34
Social development in early childhood and adolescence
Attachment - Harlow studies - Erik Erikson
35
Harlow studies
Took baby monkeys and had two conditions to see what monkeys would do in the absence or presence of food and attachment/warmth of mom
36
Two groups/conditions of the Harlow studies?
1.) Pure metal gives food - Wire monkey mom gave food - no cloth for warmth of mother 2.) Warmth of cloth, no food - Wire monkey that gave NO food - Cloth for warmth of mother
37
Results of Harlow studies?
- The baby monkeys don't care about the food, they crave the warmth of their mother ~ This led to explosion of attachment research
38
Erik Erikson
Proposed 8 psychosocial stages - Throughout linear development, we all go through challenges and if you successfully conquer that challenge, you are good to go to next stage
39
Erik psychological stage 1
- Age 0-1 - "Trust vs. Mistrust" ~Connected to attachment
40
Trust
=Success to move forward
41
Mistrust
=You get stuck and have mental health issues - Abuse, neglect, not interacting or paying attention to child (ex. pushing babysitting on others)
42
Parenting Styles
Developed by Bam Rind - 4 main styles in quadrants ~ Guardians are supportive or unsupportive and demanding or underdemanding
43
What are the 4 parenting styles?
1.) Authoritative 2.) Authoritarian 3.) Permissive 4.) Neglectful
44
Authoritative Parenting Style
- demanding and supportive - relationship is more reciprocal - give and take - solves problems together with child - sets clear rules and expectations - open communication and natural consequences
45
Authoritarian Parenting Style
- demanding and unsupportive - relationship more controlling - parent-driven - sets strict rules and punishment - one-way communication, with little consideration of child's social-emotional and behavioral needs
46
Permissive Parenting Style
- understanding and supportive - permit you to do what you want - low in control - child-driven - rarely gives or enforces rules - overindulges child to avoid conflict
47
Neglectful Parenting Style
- unsupportive and not understanding - uninvolved/absent - provides little nurturance or guidance - indifferent to child's social-emotional and behavioral needs
48
What is the best parenting style?
Authoritative - demanding but supportive shows the best outcomes in performance of their children in all aspects of life
49
Adolescence
- Physical development - Brain changes - Surge of hormones
50
Physical development in adolescence is caused by what?
Puberty
51
Brain standpoint of adolescence?
- increased connection in brain until puberty and then things fade out a bit - pruning again (getting rid of unused neurons and connections) - myelin continues to develop (speeding up axon transport of signal)
52
Surge of hormones in adolescence?
- lagging limbic system (hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus) - leads to more impulsive behaviors and risk-taking since limbic system can't process it yet - spike in egocentrism (world revolves around them) - Piaget's emergence of the "Formal Operational" stage (think abstractly, critically) - Morality - **Seeking of identity socially and trying to figure out who they are (peaks)
53
Early/Mid Adulthood
- Physical decline in mid 20s, but not massively significant - Sexual fertility
54
Physical decline in mid adulthood
- Muscular strength goes down - Cardiac output declines (blood pressure, cholesterol, etc.) - Sensory processing declines - Reaction time decreases - fertility
55
Late adulthood
- more massive changes in strength, stamina, and reaction time - big dips in sensory ability - Immune system overall weakens
56
Why are individuals in late adulthood more susceptible to larger issues but not short term illnesses such as colds?
The overall immune system declines so it can't fight off illnesses very well unless they were already exposed to them in the past... built up immunity for a cold during this time since body has been exposed to it longer
57
Aging and the brain
- memory overall declines - Processing speed in the brain declines - cognitive reserve theory
58
Cognitive reserve theory example
Curious why if we took two brains with dementia with similar morphology, why one is confined to a nursing home and the other is not (and is still able to function almost normally)
59
Cognitive Reserve Theory
Differences in symptoms people display in behavior and cognition based on life experiences - your life experiences can help prevent cognitive decline
60
How can your life experiences help ward off cognitive decline?
1.) Intelligence (some genetics involved) 2.) Academic and occupational attainment 3.) Lifestyle variables that directly affect brain health
61
What are the lifestyle variables that directly affect brain health?
1.) Physical activity/exercise 2.) Sleep patterns 3.) Diet 4.) *Socialization (good quality relationships) 5.) *Stress management (cortisol stress hormone beats up brain) 6.) Cognitive stimulation through reading, doing puzzles, word games, etc.
62
Outcome of filling cogntitive reserve bank?
Less cognitive decline; less dementia If there has been injury or insult to brain, you can bounce back better and faster
63
Is there a guarantee against dementia?
No ex. Strokes and never knew she had them - evidence on of brain on MRI - all neuro testing fine but atrophy noted on brain - scientist for NASA - good reserve but healthy 30 year olds can also have strokes....
64
Adulthood social perspective
Midlife crisis
65
Midlife crisis?
Examples include: Divorce Loss of loved one Job issues/loss
66
Well-being
65+ individuals are often examined - Stable
67
What can drop well being?
Loss Physical decline Loss of freedom (not being able to drive anymore or care for yourself without help
68
Death and dying
Trust vs. mistrust based on interactions with parents - but Eriksonian stage 1st and last stage in this age
69
People reflect on whether they had a good life or not
This is known as "reconcile" and you ask yourself this: "Did I live a good life" - Erikson says this is good and passed this stage; if you did not have a good life, you failed this stage
70
Terminally ill patients
Stages of grief: people do not go through the stages predictably (not in same order, same method, or same time ** stages are not consistent for all