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Intro to Psych > History of Psych > Flashcards

History of Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology has morphed over time

A

1800s and forward

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2
Q

First psych lab?

A

1879 by Wundt

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3
Q

What did Wundt study?

A

“atoms of the mind”

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4
Q

What is “introspection” aka Structuralism?

A

Trying to think about yourself internally

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5
Q

Why was William James a major player in Psych?

A

Creates the first textbook in 1890

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6
Q

The first textbook in psych?

A

Principles of Psych

Gets into stream of consciousness

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7
Q

Stream of consciousness

A

whatever comes to mind gets spit out

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8
Q

Major force in the 1920s?

A

Behaviorism

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9
Q

Behaviorism

A

care only about behavior and nothing behind it; no consideration for the brain, the emotions behind behavior, etc.

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10
Q

Behavior must meet these three criteria?

A

1.) Observed
2.) Measurable
3.) Defined

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11
Q

John Watson

A

Conditioning fear through “Little Albert Study”

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12
Q

“Little Albert Study”

A

Conditioning fear in a little baby. He sat the baby on a table to play and then puts a white rabbit in front of the baby He then then crashes a cymbal really loudly over and over again so the baby begins to associate the sound of the crash with the rabbits and gets scared every time he sees a rabbit

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13
Q

What is the “Little Albert Study” an example of?

A

Classical conditioning

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14
Q

BF Skinner is known for what?

A

“Skinner Box”

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15
Q

“Skinner Box”

A

Often a small chamber that is used to conduct operant conditioning research with animals. Within the chamber, there is usually a lever or key that an individual animal can operate to obtain a food or water within the chamber as a reinforcer

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16
Q

Who was known during the 1970s?

A

Freud (and most of his theories were really out there)

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17
Q

Who was known for the creation of psychoanalytic theory?

A

Freud

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18
Q

Psychoanalytic theory?

A

Care about what is in the unconscious mind (but you can’t measure this even though Freud said you could)

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19
Q

How did psychoanalytic theory tap into the unconscious mind?

A

Stream interpretation and analysis

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20
Q

Psychosexual stages?

A

Pretty much all said behavior derived from sex and aggression

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21
Q

What were the two main forces in psych at the beginning?

A

Behaviorism and freud theory

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22
Q

What idea was introduced in the 1960s?

A

Humanism

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23
Q

Humanism?

A

Foundation for modern counseling

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24
Q

Why was Freud’s theory flawed?

A

Freud’s idea was subjective and limited, so humanism was founded to shift the focus to things you can actually see/explore in therapy

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25
Q

What was the foundation of humanism?

A

Self-potential (building on the strengths of people)

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26
Q

What did Carl Rogers contribute to Psych?

A

Unconditional positive regard

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27
Q

Unconditional positive regard?

A

Treating people with empathy and respect no matter what and not just when they are doing things you like/want

28
Q

What did Abraham contribute to the field?

A

Hierarchy of needs

29
Q

Hierarchy of needs?

A

Basic needs before reaching full potential

30
Q

Cognitive revolution?

A

“Thinking, memory, intelligence, problem-solving” (broad term)

Technology is on the rise so more ability to look at cognitive and mental process

Neuroscience in itself also increases (60s)

31
Q

Big prevailing school of thought: subfields of psychology?

A

1.) Evolutionary psychology
2.) Cross-cultural psych
3.) Gender psychology
4.) Positive psychology

32
Q

Evolutionary Psychology?

A

Understanding what is based along through genetics that have to do with behavior; ex. Schizophrenia has a high genetic component

Genetics vs. environment=nature vs. nurture

33
Q

Cross-Cultural Psych?

A

Study of different cultures and how diagnoses look in different places (culture and environment go hand-in-hand)

34
Q

Gender Psychology?

A

how you identify

35
Q

Positive Psychology?

A

What makes someone happy (how do people live a fulfilling life)

  • Martin Seligman
36
Q

Bio(Psych) Social Modes?

A

1.) Bio
2.) Social
3.) Psych

37
Q

Bio Mode?

A

Genetics (nature) component

38
Q

Social mode?

A

Environment (nurture) component

39
Q

Psych mode?

A

Learned things or responses

40
Q

Depression symptoms as Bio(Psych)Social Mode?

A

Bio: Genetics (family history); chemical imbalance/brain structural issues (can experience symptoms without being depressed if that part of the brain lobe is affected)

Psych: Learned responses (trauma)

Social: Toxic environment you are involved in; isolation (ex. Covid-19); culture; norms

41
Q

The focus of Appendix A?

A

Statistics

42
Q

Between two variables (ex. height and IQ)?

A

Correlation

43
Q

Is a correlation always a cause and effect?

A

No; relationships are not always perfect

44
Q

-1—0—+1

A

This is how correlation is measured

45
Q

Can correlation be 2?

A

No; correlation can’t be outside of range

46
Q

Body Mass Index correlation with Hypertension?

A

Overweight people more likely to have cardiovascular problems but not always the case

Strong correlation is +0.70

47
Q

What does a positive correlation mean?

A

plus sign is important because as BMI goes up, rate of hypertension goes up; direct relationship

makes it look like one causes the other but can’t say that for certain

48
Q

Height and IQ correlation?

A

0 correlation (means in the middle), which translates to no correlation between the two

49
Q

What does a negative correlation signify?

A

Inverse relationship

Example: as BMI goes up, hypertension goes down and vice versa

50
Q

Is a positive or negative correlation stronger?

A

THEY ARE EQUAL. Positive and negative says direction of relationship but they have the same strength so neither one is stronger than the other

51
Q

An example of a strong correlation: Murder rate and ice cream sales? Why?

A

When murder increases, so does ice cream sales, but we must also consider the context:

In the summertime, temperature is higher, which is a third variable/factor in play that affects the results and is an issue in correlation studies; ice cream is most common in hot weather, but heat also makes people more agitated, leading to an increase in crime rates

52
Q

Correlation does NOT equal this?

A

Causation

53
Q

Normal curve/bell curve

A

Line straight down the middle and higher in the middle and drops down completely on both sides

To see where you land in terms of the average

Standard deviations

Look between where most of the curve lives and that is the average

Take a variable and test it enough to shake out something like that

54
Q

Which part of the bell curve is important in psych?

A

The “tail” and not so much the average because we want to look “outside the box” and understand the less common

55
Q

The focus of Appendix D?

A

Career fields in Psych

56
Q

Clinicians

A

Clinical psychologists (therapy or assessment directly with clients/patients)

57
Q

What are the 4 types of clinicians?

A

1.) Neuropsychologists
2.) Forensic psychologists
3.) Geropsychologists
4.) Sports psychology

58
Q

Neuropsychologist

A

Evaluating brain and cognition

59
Q

Forensic psychologist

A

work in legal system (court cases, etc.)

60
Q

Geropsychologists

A

“Gero” means geriatric, which means they work with primarily elderly individuals

61
Q

Sports psychology

A

Work with athletes in improving performance (mentally)

62
Q

Non-clinicians

A

Not working with clients

63
Q

What are the 4 types of non-clinicians?

A

1.) Industrial/organizational psychologists
2.) Social psychology
3.) Developmental psychology
4.) Biopsychology

64
Q

Industrial/organization psychologists

A

Work for a company; create assessments to hire people (based on personality, etc.)

65
Q

Social psychology

A

How people interact with one another

(ex. group project and social loafing in a group of five because they think someone else will pick up the slack; social phenomenon)

66
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Research with lifespan development

67
Q

Biopsychology

A

Not working with clients in a clinical setting, but rather in labs or other settings

Intro to Psych (13 decks)

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