Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Something that drives behavior (need, desire, etc.)

Question 2

Four basic perspectives in terms of motivation that drive behavior

Answer 2

1.) Instinct theory
2.) Drive-reduction theory
3.) Arousal theory
4.) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs!

Question 3

Instinct theory

Answer 3

• most basic theory
• based on evolutionary perspectives; humans have instincts that are hardwired and not learned
  -*We come hardwired with fixed patterns of behavior that become more complex as you move up the animal chain
• genetics predisposes you to certain drives/instincts
  -*Instinct patterns that directs behavior
• BUT doesn’t really explain human beings so that’s the downfall

Question 4

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 4

• human beings have basic needs such as water, food, sleep, and sex
• needs build a drive so you can get what you need
  (We make every effort to reduce that drive to get back to a state of homeostasis)

Question 5

Arousal theory

Answer 5

• nervous system arousal
• some pull toward increasing arousal to get you to a certain emotional state to get the job done)

Ex. athletes need a certain level of arousal to perform optimally but have to get a good balance

**Yerkes-Dodson Law

Question 6

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 6

Model of the relationship between stress and task performance that proposes that you reach your peak level of performance with an intermediate level of stress/arousal

Too little or too much arousal results in poor performance

• also known as the inverted-U model arousal

Question 7

Maslow’s (humanism) Hierarchy of Needs!

Answer 7

From top (smallest) to bottom (largest):
5.) Self-actualization
4.) Esteem needs
3.) Belongingness and Affiliation
2.) Safety needs
1.) Basic NEEDS

*possible sixth layer on top known as Self-Trancedence

Question 8

Self-actualization

Answer 8

• top and smallest of triangle
• fullest/optimal life
• “what would your most fulfilled life look like?”

Question 9

Esteem needs

Answer 9

• we want to be recognized, respected, look positively on us, etc.
• achievement; respect; recognition

Question 10

Belongingness and Affiliation

Answer 10

• need to feel safe in the world to be able to progress up the pyramid
• view the world as secure

Question 11

Basic needs

Answer 11

• must be fulfilled before you can even begin to think about optimal life
• food, water, shelter, etc.

Question 12

Self-trancedence

Answer 12

• “Have I benefitted humanity and looked beyond myself?”
  ex. Mother Teresa

Question 13

Affiliation need

Answer 13

being with groups of people since we are social creatures

Question 14

Why do people need people?

Answer 14

1.) Support
- emotion, financial, physical, survival, etc.
2.) Common beliefs
- groups of similar people
- out-groups :(
3.) Mental health
- direct relationship with affiliation
4.) Survival
- higher survival in groups

Question 15

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

Answer 15

Wraps around corpus callosum and bumps into frontal lobe
- *brain area that responds (lights up on imaging techniques) to PHYSICAL pain AND also when you feel SOCIAL/EMOTIONAL pain (ex. bullying)

Question 16

Motivated by achievement need

Answer 16

• can be culturally influenced
  Ex. attaining a degree
• high motivation achievement people tend to have higher financial success, higher sense of accomplishment, healthier emotional well-being

Question 17

Personal characteristics of high achievement people

Answer 17

• higher level of persistence
• higher self-discipline
• higher levels of grit
• higher levels of intrinsic motivation

Question 18

Intrinsic (motivation)

Answer 18

Internal
- doing something for the sake of doing it (with no expectation for getting anything)
- want to prove to yourself or someone else that you can do it

Question 19

Extrinsic (motivation)

Answer 19

External
- doing things for “external” reasons such as making money and providing for family
- doing something for an external reward that is often money

Question 20

Can you have a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

Emotion

Answer 21

1.) Physiological
2.) Cognitive
3.) Affective

Question 22

Anxiety as an emotion

Answer 22

Physiological
- heart rate increases, sweating
Cognitive
- rumination cognitively (thinking about what is making you anxious)
Affective
- outward appearance of being fidgety/restless

Question 23

2 big theories of experiencing emotion

Answer 23

1.) James-Lange
2.) Cannon-Bard

Question 24

James-Lange

Answer 24

First there is an arousal (ex. fear) and then labeling of emotion follows

Question 25

Cannon-Bard

Answer 25

Arousal and emotion happens simultaneously

Question 26

Misattributing arousal

Answer 26

Ex. associating bridge being high and creaky, which is a fear response, to the woman causing arousal

Question 27

5 basic universal emotions

Answer 27

1.) Happiness
2.) Sadness
3.) Anger
4.) Fear
5.) Disgust (neuroanatomical structure causes this emotion)

Question 28

Blended emotions

Answer 28

Jealousy
Pride
Guilt
Shame
Contempt
Love

Question 29

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 29

Sympathetic
- primarily this one in response
- physiologically, body goes into fight or flight mode , HORMONAL changes, cortisol released which is a stress hormone)

Parasympathetic
- calming side that brings response back to homeostasis

Things like trauma and anxiety disorders can cause imbalance to the nervous system

Question 30

3 brain structures related to emotion

Answer 30

1.) Amygdala
- 2 of them
- Latin for almond
- Processes/determines the emotional significance of events/experiencing
- Helps you pick up on social cues/behaviors

2) Insula
“Seat of disgust”
- related to visceral response (automatic, internal response)
- buried in between intersection of temporal, parietal, and occipital

3.) VTA (Ventral Tegmental Area)
- midbrain area
- implicated in mental health diagnoses and also cravings, addiction, desire
- “Let’s do it again because that was fun and felt good,” this part of the brain lights up

Question 31

Cultural similarities in expression of emotion

Answer 31

Facial features
- ex. tears when sad/depressed and face is drooping
- ex. happiness causes a smile

*There are differences between the degree by which these facial features exist that varies between cultures
*Differences between cultural events and what is acceptable to display in terms of emotion