Developmental Psychology Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Critical Period: Definition
A
Limited time during which something can develop
2
Q
Sensitive Period
A
A time when something develops, but there is flexibility within it.
3
Q
Genotype
A
Characteristics that are determined by info on the genes
4
Q
Phenotype
A
Observable characteristics that are affected by genes & environment
5
Q
Canalization
A
Traits that are largely uninfluenced by environment (e.g. developmental milestones)
6
Q
Range of Reaction
A
Traits that have boundaries set by genotype, so a range of phenotypes are possible
7
Q
Secular Trends: definition
A
Generational differences in growth and development (e.g. changing age of first period)
8
Q
Gene-Environment Correlation
A
Niche-picking: we seek out environments that are compatible with our generics
9
Q
Heritability Index: definition
A
Used to estimate genetic factors
Ranges from: 0 - +1.00 (higher = more heritability)
9
Q
3 Mechanisms of Genetic Inheritence
A
- Dominant/recessive genes: homozygous or heterozygous
- Sex-Linked traits: mostly transmitted on X
- Polygenic inheritence: determined by multiple gene pairs
10
Q
Huntington’s Disease
Genetic
A
Caused by autosomal dominant gene
Degenerative CNS disorder
11
Q
Phenylketoneria (PKU)
Genetic
A
Recessive gene disorder
Lack enzyme to digest an amino acid, which then becomes toxic and causes I.D
Can be prevented by diet: no milk, eggs, fish, bread
12
Q
Down’s Syndrome
A
3 of the 21st chromosome
Causes:
* I.D
* Physical features
* risk of congenital heart disease
* thyroid dysfunction
* impaired vision
* Alzheimers
13
Q
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Chromosomal
A
Paternal chromosome 15 DELETED
Causes:
* I.D
* Over eating
* Hypogonadism
* OCD
* Physical features
14
Q
Klinefelter Syndrome
A
Only affects AMAB
Caused by an extra X chromosome
Secondary sex characteristics incomplete, often infertile
15
Q
Turner Syndrome
Chromosomal
A
Only affects AFAB
All or part of X is missing
Don’t develop secondary sex characteristics
Features:
* infertile
* short
* stubby fingers
* ‘webbed’ neck
16
Q
Fragile X Syndrome
A
Weak site on X chromosome
AMAB & AFAB
Features:
* Physical, intellectual, beh challenges
17
Q
Teratogens: What are they?
A
An external thing that interferes with typical prenatal development. The impact depends on what stage of development they are introduced
18
Q
3 Stages of Prenatal Development
A
- Germinal Period: contraception to implantation
- Embryonic Period: end of 2nd week to end of 8th week. Organs very susceptible to damage here
- Fetal Period: 9th week to birth. Organs less vulnerable, CNS more vulnerable
19
Q
Common Teratogens (9)
A
- Alcohol: FAS/FAE
- Nicotine: respiratory, inattention/hyperactivity
- Cocaine: organ deformation, reactive once born, high cognitive impact
- Rubella: low birth weight, heart defects, I.D, gastro, cataracts
- Herpes: brain damage, seizures, I.D, L.D, fatality common
- Cytomegalovirus: can be fatal
- HIV: often premature. 80% die by 10, 20% by 4
- Prenatal Malnutrition: early on can cause abortion, organ abnormalities, later on impacts brain size and birth weight
- Maternal Stress: low birth weight, respiratory, irritability, hyperactivity
20
Q
What is Premature Birth
A
More than 37 weeks early
Most survive and catch up to peers
21
Q
What does ‘Small for Gestational Age’ mean?
A
Birth weight is below the 10th percentile
At higher risk than premies
22
Q
What happens during Fetal Distress?
A
It can happen before or during birth
May lead to a slowing of labour, abnormal substances in the amniotic fluid, irregular heart rate
23
Q
MMEMC
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model: 5 Systems
A
- Microsystem: immediate environment
- Mesosystem: interconnections between microsystems
- Exosystem: environments your not in direct contact with, but still impact you (e.g. partners work)
- Macrosystem: sociocultural context
- Chronosystems: life stages, events that impact development
24
Rutter's 6 Family Characteristics of Risk
MSLPMP
1. Marital discord
2. Low SES
3. Large family, overcrowding
4. Parental criminality
5. Materal psychiatric disorder
6. Placement of child outside of home
25
The Four Infant Reflexes
1. Palmar grasp
2. Babinski toes
3. Moro (startle): back arch, extend legs
4. Rooting: turns head when stroked near mouth
26
What is vision like during infancy?
* The least developed sense at birth
* Prefer facial stimuli
* @1mo discriminate faces
* @2-3mo distinguish colours
* @60mo depth perception
* by 1yo, same as adult
27
What is hearing like in infancy?
* Just below adults at birth
* Prefer human voice
* Auditory localization: present at birth, disappears @ 2-4mos, returns @ 12mos
28
What are taste and smell like in infancy?
Can distinguish all four at birth
Preference for sweet flavours
29
Is early physical maturation beneficial?
It can be for AMAB, but not AFAB
30
Piaget's Constructivist Theory: the premise
Learning is a dynamic process in which learners actively construct knowledge through a series of stages by creating and testing their own theories of the world
31
Piaget's Theory: Equilibrium
The drive towards cognitive consistency
When consistency is not achieved, *disequilibrium* occurs
32
What do we do when disequilibrium happens, according to Piaget?
ADAPTATION
33
What are the 2 types of adaptation, according to Piaget?
1. **Assimilation**: blend new info into an existing schema
2. **Accommodation**: Modify an existing schema to account for new information
34
What are the 4 stages of Piaget's Theory?
1. **Sensorimotor**: birth-2yo
2. **Preoperational**: 2-7yo
3. **Concrete Operational**: 7-12yo
4. **Formal Operational**: 12yo+
35
Three things of adolescent egocentrism
1. Imaginary audience: think everyone is watching them
2. Personal fable
3. Invincibility complex
36
Information Processing Theories: what is their premise?
Focus on quantitative changes in cognition
Human processing is similar to a computer
Changes in biological systems and experiences allows children to become better processors
37
What are the Neo-Piagetian Theories?
A blend of Piaget's and Information Processing Theories
Include qualitative changes
38
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: what 2 levels does learning occur on?
1. Interpersonal
2. Intrapersonal: uses overt or covert private speech
39
Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development: what is it?
The gap between what a kid can currently do alone, and what they could do with support
*Scaffolding*: building appropriate challenges to support kids in developing skills
40
What is memory like in childhood?
@2-3mos: cued recall memory
@2-3yo: show episodic memory, but we often forget it
@9-10yo: rehearsal and other memory strategies get used more often
Metamemory develops
41
What is metamemory?
Knowledge about our own memory processes
42
What memory gets impacted in adulthood?
Recent LT memory and working memory
Age impacts episodic memory more than semantic or procedural
43
Spearman's Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence
All mental tasks require two abilities:
1. General ability 'g'
2. Specific ability 's'
44
Guilford's Structure of Intellect Theory
Derived 180 intellectual abilities
1. *Convergent Thinking*: logical processes, single correct answer
2. *Divergent Thinking*: flexibility and non-logical processes to derive multiple solutions
45
Horn and Cattell's GC-GF Theory
## Footnote
Two types of intelligence
*Crystallized Intelligence*: acquired knowledge and ability to apply it to situations
*Fluid Intelligence*: unaffected by experience, underlies ability to reason and adapt to new situations
46
Carroll's Three Stratum Theory
1. **Stratum III**: g (general intelligence)
2. **Stratum II**: 8 broad abilities (fluid & crystallized IQ, general memory, learning)
3. **Stratum I**: specific abilities that are linked to 2nd stratum abilities
47
Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory of Cognitive Abilities
10 broad cognitive abilities
70 narrow cognitive abilities
Framework for KABC-II and Woodcock-Johnson III
48
Gardner's 8 Multiple Intelligences
BILLM SIN
1. Linguistic
2. Logical-Mathematical
3. Musical
4. Bodily-Kinesthetic
5. Spatial
6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal
8. Naturalistic
49
# CEP
Sternberg's Triarchic Model of Intelligence
1. **Componential**: analytic, methods of processing
2. **Experiential**: creative, how unfamiliarity is handled
3. **Practical**: how they respond to environment
50
What is the Confluence Model of Intelligence?
First borns have IQ advantage because they have higher intellectual stimulation and resources
51
Behavioural Theories of Language Development
Focus on environmental factors
Reinforcement and imitation
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Nativist Theories of Language Development
Focus on innate factors
Supported by: kids quickly learn how to apply complex grammatical rules
**Chomsky's** Language Acquisition Device: kids w/ good vocab combine words into novel but grammatically correct structures
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Cognitive Theories of Language Development
Language acquisition is motivated by a child's desire to express meaning and communicate
54
# SPMPS
What are the 5 components of language?
1. Syntax
2. Phonemes
3. Morpheme
4. Pragmatics
5. Semantics
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Syntax
The rules of grammar
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Semantics
The meanings expressed
57
Pragmatics
Knowledge about how to use language and communicate effectively
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Phonemes
The smallest units of sound
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Morpheme
The smallest unit of meaning
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# 8 parts
What is the sequence of language development?
1. **Cooing** (1-2mos)
2. **Babbling** (4-6mos)
3. **Echolalia/Expressive Jargon** (9mos)
4. **First Words** (10-15mos)
5. **Holophrastic Speech** (12-18mos): single word + gesture
6. **Telegraphic Speech** (18-24mos): two-word meaning
7. **Rapid Vocab Growth** (30-36mos): 3-4 word sentences
8. **Complete Grammatical Forms** (36-48mos): more complexity to language
61
Language Error: Underextension
Word used too narrowly
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Overextension
Word used too broadly
63
Overregularization
Misapplies general rule of language
64
What is Temperament?
A person's basic behavioural pattern and style
Stable from 2 yo onward
65
Thomas & Chess 9 Temperament Dimensions
DA RAAAT IQ
1. Activity level
2. Rhythmicity
3. Adaptability
4. Approach/withdrawal
5. Threshold for responsibility
6. Intensity of reaction
7. Quality of mood
8. Distractibilty
9. Attention span/persistence
66
3 Categories of Kids Based on Thomas & Chess's Temperament Dimensions
1. **Easy Children**: cheerful, flexible, regular schedules
2. **Slow-to-Warm up**: sad, tense, inflexible, withdrawn, irregular schedule
3. **Difficult Children**: irritability
67
What are the 5 Stages of Freud's Psychosexual Development?
1. **Oral Stage** (0-1yr)
2. **Anal Stage** (1-3yrs)
3. **Phallic Stage** (3-6yrs): oedipal/elektra complexes. If resolved, the superego forms
4. **Latency Stage** (6yr-puberty): sexual drive dormant, superego solidified, social values assimilated
5. **Genital Stage** (post puberty): sex drive reactivated and reoriented
68
Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development
1. Trust vs Mistrust (birth-1yr)
2. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (1-3yrs)
3. Initiative vs Guilt (3-6yrs)
4. Industry vs Inferiority (6yo-puberty)
5. Identity vs Identity Confusion (adolescence)
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (young adulthood)
7. Generativity vs Stagnation (middle adulthood)
8. Ego integrity vs Despair
69
What are Baumrind's 4 Parenting Styles?
1. **Authoritative**
2. **Authoritarian**: insecure, timid, lack motivation
3. **Permissive**: impulsive, ignore rules, uninvolved
4. **Uninvolved**: impulsive, leads to anti-sociality
70
What are two dimensions of Baumrind's Parenting Styles?
1. **Acceptance/Responsiveness**
2. **Demandingness/Control**
71
Self Awareness in Young Childhood
**18mos**: recognize self
**19-30mos**: self description + eval
**30-40mos**: respond to wrong doing
72
How do kids describe themselves as they develop from 3-15+?
**3-9yrs**: physical
**9-12rs**: what they're doing
**12-15yo**: social self
**15+**: psychological self
73
Psychodynamic view of Gender Identity Development
When the crisis of the phallic stage is resolved by identifying with the same sex parent, gender identity develops
74
Social Learning Theory of Gender Identity Development
Rewards and punishments for gender appropriate/inappropriate behaviour
75
Gender Schema Therapy of Gender Identity Development
Masculine and feminine schemas are used to perceive and encode information
These schemas develop by 3yo
76
Kohlberg's Cognitive-Developmental Theory of Gender Identity
1. **Gender Identity Development** (2-3yo): child recognizes their gender
2. **Gender Stability**: recognize that gender is stable over time
3. **Gender Constancy**: realize that gender identity doesn't change based on your gender expression
77
Erikson's and Marcia's Adolescent Identity Crisis
1. **Identity Diffusion**: no crisis, not committed to any identity
2. **Identity Foreclosure**: no crisis, committed to an identity upon suggestion
3. **Identity Moratorium**: crisis, explore options
4. **Identity Achievement**: resolved crisis, committed to identity
78
Gilligan's Relational Crisis
Preteen girls have a crisis that makes them exile parts of themselves in favor of more feminine stereotypes
a 'loss of voice' is experienced when they realize their opinions are not valued as much as mens
79
Levinson's 'Season's of a Man's Life'
4 Stages
1. **Early Adult Transition**: emotionally and financially independent
2. **Age 30 Transition** (28-33yo): reevaluate life choices, 'settle down'
3. **Midlife Transition** (40-45yo): evaluate success and failures
4. **Late Adult Transition** (60-65yo): reconcile the 'dream' with their lives
80
What is Bowlby's Ethological Theory?
The bestest attachment theory
Attachment is innate and is the foundation from which we make sense of the world
81
What are Bowlby's Innate Attachment Behaviours?
1. Sucking
2. Crying
82
The 4 Stages of Attachment According to Bowlby
1. Preattachment
2. Attachment in the making
3. Clear cut attachment
4. Reciprocal relationships
83
What is Social Referencing?
Infants gauge their reaction based on their caregiver's reaction
84
When does Separation Anxiety Peak?
18-24 months
Starts around 6 mos
85
When does Stranger Anxiety Peak?
18-24 months
Starts around 8-10 months
86
3 Stages of Prolonged Separation
1. **Protest**: loud crying, rejection of other adults
2. **Despair**: crying, withdrawal
3. **Detachment**: apathy
87
What are Ainsworth's 4 Attachment Styles?
1. **Secure**
2. **Anxious/Avoidant**: low interest in environment, low distress with separation, sometimes wary of strangers
3. **Anxious/Resistant**: anxious around CG, distressed with separation but ambivalent upon return, may reject comfort, always wary of strangers
4. **Disorganized/Disoriented**: alternate between avoidance and proximity seeking
88
What are the 4 Adult Attachment Styles?
PUDS
1. **Secure-Autonomous**: integrate good and bad from childhood. coherent narratives. value relationships.
2. **Dismissing**: devalue relationships, guarded, idealize parents
3. **Preoccupied**: confused about early attachment. angry/fearful/passive, a lot of role reversal during childhood
4. **Unresolved**: have not resolved own trauma, dysfunctional family relationships
89
Damon Stages of Friendship
1. **4-7 yo Shared Interests**: friends are ppl you play with
2. **8-10yo Mutual Trust & Assistance**: friends are ppl you can count on
3. **11yo+ Intimacy and Loyalty**: friends understand you, and don't deceive or abandon you
90
When is Conformity to Peers the Strongest?
14-15yo
Strongest for positive behaviours
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How do friendships change in adulthood?
We become more selective due to limited time and capacity
**Socioemotional Selectivity Theory**: the more that time feels constrained, the more selective we are
92
What are the first emotions that infants experience?
@birth interest, disgust, distress
@few months sadness, joy, surprise, anger, fear
More complex emotions arise around 2yo (envy, empathy, embarrassment) and later (guilt, shame, pride)
93
Social Learning Approach of Aggression Origin
* Coercive family interaction style: coercion used to influence behaviour + poor monitoring
* Mimic caregivers aggression and use it instrumentally
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Cognitive Theory of Aggression Development
* Believe it's easier to act aggressive than to inhibit
* Expect that aggression has positive outcomes
* No remorse
95
Dodge and Crick's Cognitive Model of Aggression
1. Encoding social cues
2. Interpretation of social cues
3. Response search
4. Response evaluation
5. Response enactment
96
Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
PHA
1. **Premoral Stage (birth-5yo)**: limited understanding of rules
2. **Heteronomous Stage (5-6yo)**: rules absolute, judge morality based on the consequences, egocentrism leads to inflexibility
3. **Autonomous Stage (10-11yo)**: flexibility, rules made by agreement between people and are alterable. Intentions are considered when judging.
97
What is the effect of divorce on the parents?
Diminished parenting capacity for 2ish years
98
What is the effect of divorce on children?
Preschoolers have worst ST impact but better LT impact
Boys more immediate impact + more externalization
Girls may have a 'sleeper effect'
99
What is the Montesorri Education Method?
1. Practical life skills
2. Sensory skills
3. Language and math skills
4. Physical, social, cultural skills
Has mixed outcomes
100
What is the Head Start program and does it work?
Developed for lower income people to prepare for school
IQ gains are not maintained, but there is less drop out and higher achievement scores
101
Stanford Binet Intelligence Assessment (SB5)
**Ages**: 2-85yo
**Assesses**: developmental disability, psych-ed, forensic, career, neuropsych
**5 Cognitive Factors**:
1. Fluid reasoning
2. Knowledge
3. Working memory
4. Quantitative reasoning
5. Visual-Spatial processing
102
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WISC)
**Ages**: 16-90yo
**Premise**: intelligence is a global ability made of different factors
**Indexes**:
1. Working Memory
2. Verbal Comprehension
3. Perceptual Reasoning
4. Processing Speed
103
Slosson Intelligence Test
SIT-P: 2-7yo
SIT-R3: 4-65yo
Assesses: cognitive ability, verbal intelligence
Can be used with visually impaired people
104
Kauffman Intelligence Test
3 diff. ones
KABC-II: 3-18yo
* Tests: simultaneous, sequential, planning, learning knowledge
KBIT-2: 4-90yo
* tests V and NV abilities
KAIT: 11-85yo
* Tests: fluid, crystallized, total
* More culturally fair
105
Woodcock-Johnson III
1. **WJIII of Cognitive Abilities**: general and specific
2. **WJIII of Achievement**: oral language, academic achievement
**Ages:** 2-90yo
Used to test for eligibility for special ed
105
Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT)
Group test
**Tests**: verbal, NV and quantitative reasoning
**Ages:** K-12 school kids
Predicts grades and evaluates for gifted programs
106
Wanderlic Personnel Test-R
Group test
50 items
**Tests:** verbal, numerical, spatial
107
Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development
**Ages:** 1-42mos
**Assesses:** cognitive, motor, language, social-emotional, adaptive behaviour
Detects developmental delays
108
Denver Developmental Screening Test
| Infants & Preschoolers
**Ages:** 0-6yo
**Observations:**
* personal-social
* fine motor adaptive
* language
* gross motor
**Developmental delay**: if fail an item that 90% of kids got at younger age
109
Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence
**Ages:** 3-12mos
**Assesses**: recognition memory, compares time they look at novel vs familiar pictures
110
Columbia Mental Maturity Scale
**Ages:** 3-12yo
Doesn't require verbal or fine motor skill
Developed for use with ppl w/ cerebral palsy or other disabilities affecting motor
111
Peabody Picture Vocab Test 4th ed.
**Ages:** 2yr6mos-90yo
**Assesses:** verbal intelligence
Indicate pic that best describes a word
Good for ppl w/ speech or motor impairment
112
Hiskey Nebraska test of Learning Aptitude
**Ages:** 3-17yo6mos
Used w/ ppl w/ hearing impairment
Picture association, spatial reasoning, visual attention span, memory for colour
113
Leiter International Performance Scale 3rd Ed.
**Ages:** 3-75yo
No verbal requirement
Good for hearing impaired or ESL
114
Raven's Progress Matrices
All non-verbal
Solve problems w/ abstract designs
**Ages:** 6yo+
115
Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities
**Ages:** 5-12yo11mos
**3 Global Composite Scores:**
* general language
* spoken language
* written language
**Finds:** dyslexia, low phonological coding
116
Wide Range Academic Achievement Test
**Ages:** 5-94yo
**Assesses:** reading, spelling, math
**Finds:** LD's
117
General Aptitude Test Battery
**Used for:** career counselling + job placement
Evaluates 9 aptitudes
118
Purdue Pegboard and Crawford Small Parts Dexterity Occupational Tests
**Looks at:** psychomotor skills
Practice effects may be problem
119
What is the Individual's w/ Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?
All disabled kids get education, testing and IPP
120
Larry P. v. Riles: what is it about?
Racial bias in testing
San Fran banned from using IQ tests to place black kids in special ed programs
121
What is the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)?
* Schools can't release educational info w/o CG consent
* CG have right to ask or educational info and challenge it
* Old records be destroyed
122
