Social Psychology Flashcards

Question

Actor-Observer Effect | Attribution Biases

Answer 1

The discrepancy in which people don't use the fundamental attribution bias on themselves They overemphasize environmental factors for themselves **Inmate VS Counsellor Study** * Both inmate and their counsellor were asked to explain why the inmate committed the crime * Inmates attributed it to situational * Counsellor attributed it to dispositional

Answer 2

Tendency for people to attribute their failures to situational factors, but their successes to dispositional factors Not always the case for depressed people or those with low self-esteem

Answer 3

The process of integrating information about a person to form an overall impression

Answer 4

Some traits have more impact on impression formation **Study** Warm vs Cold as descriptors-only those changes in a passage impacted how readers viewed teh person Competence may also be a cental trait

Answer 5

Information presented first has the most impact on the impressions we form of others **Study by Asch** List of descriptors: begin positive, end more negative Group 1 read it positive to negative Group 2 read it negative to positive Group 1 had more favorable impression of the person than Group 2

Answer 6

When evaluating others, negative information is weighed more heavily than positive information

Answer 7

The desire to associate with others It is a fundamental drive, according to evolutionary psychologists

Answer 8

**Schachter Study** Participants were told they would receive a high shock (high anxiety) or a mild shock (low anxiety) They were then asked if they preferred to wait alone, or with another person Those in high anxiety group were more likely to want to wait with another person High anxiety group also preferred to wait with another participant, as opposed to someone not participating in the study **Kulik & Mahler Heart Study** Ppl about to get heart surgery preferred to be roomed with another person getting heart surgery, and preferably someone post-operative

Answer 9

Extroverts more likely to seek affiliation This may be due to different cortical levels * Extroverts need social interaction to increase arousal to optimal level * Introverts avoid social interation to keep arousal at optimal level

Answer 10

**Dyads or Groups**: females prefer dyads, males prefer groups May be because females tend to prefer intimacy more, where as men prefer power? Gross

Answer 11

**Newcomb College Dorm Study** * People in rooms close to one another were more likely to be friends * *Mere exposure effect*: can go either way depending on positive or negative initial reactions

Answer 12

We tend to prefer people who are similar based on demographics, attitudes, and other 'important characteristics'

Answer 13

Competence is sexy, apparently It is more sexy if the person has the occassional blunder, to make them seem human

Answer 14

We like people who like us, usually We like people who are 'moderatively selective' in their liking for others **Gain-Loss Theory:** evaluations of people that change over time have a stronger impact on likeability *This is why enemies-to-lovers works so well, I guess*

Answer 15

Tend to react more favorably to people who are physically attractive Based on the stereotype of **what is beautiful is good** But Ted Fucking Bundy, people

Answer 16

Men like hotness Women like resources Blagh

Answer 17

Predicts that a relationship will continue as long as both partners believe the benefits of it exceed the costs **Study** couples who experience large increase in rewards throughout relationship are more likely to stay together than those who experience a small increase or a decrease in rewards

Answer 18

Based on fairness in relationships, as determined by contributions of each party People more satisfied with a close relationship and more likely to maintain it when they believe that the input-outcome ratio is similar to that of their partner

Answer 19

A person experiences strong emotions in a relationship when their partner's actions violate the person's expectations and affect progress towards achieving an important goal Positive things are more impactful at the beginning of a relationship, because they are still surprising

Answer 20

Positive to negative interactions **Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse** 1. criticism 2. defensiveness 3. contempt 4. stonewalling Contempt is the most predictive of divorce

Answer 21

1. **Social Norms:** reciprocity norm, for example 2. **Social Learning Theory:** learned by observing others 3. **Evolutionary Theory:** natural selection, prosociality leads to survival of species

Answer 22

1. **Diffusion of Responsibility** 2. **Social Comparison:** look to others for cues on how to react 3. **Evaluation Apprehension:** may fear embarrassment if action of taking help ends up being unwarranted

Answer 23

1. Less bystanders 2. Victim is obviously in distress 3. Bystander believes they have the competence to help 4. Another person has already intervened 5. The situation occurs rurally, rather than urban (thought to be bc urban settings are more overstimulating, ppl become desensitized)

Answer 24

* Pairs of players are suspects in a murder investigation * They can either confess or remain silent (cooperate) during the interrogation * *The best outcome will be had by both partners remaining silent* **But will they?** * They are more likely to if they can communicate prior to the interrogation * If cooperation is emphasized at outset of game, it is more likely * If played repeatedly

Answer 25

How individuals process information about others **How do we recognize others?** 1. **Identifiability:** extent to which one person can be differentiated from another 2. **Personality:** individual characteristics (way of thinking, feeling, behaving) 3. Moral character important

Answer 26

**Dollard:** * Frustration results from a goal being blocked, aggression is inevitable **Miller:** * Frustration elicits multiple responses, one of which is aggression **Berkowitz:** * Frustration primes us to act aggressively, but we only do in the presence of an aggressive cue * E.g: participants delivered higher shocks to a subject w/ a fire arm as opposed to one with a badminton racket

Answer 27

**Bobo Doll Study** Group 1: reward film Group 2: punishment film Group 3: no consequence (+ or -) film All but group 2 exhibited aggressive behaviour When afterwards offered a reward for acting aggressively, all children did it **Anderson & Bushman** Repeated exposure to aggressive media creates a *hostile expectation bias* (expect others to act aggressively) which then makes us act more aggressively

Answer 28

When you can act anonymously, you are more likely to act aggressively Loss of self awareness = decreased ability to monitor and regulate behaviour, reduced ability to think rationally, begin to act deviantly

Answer 29

Milgram's prison study Roles of power turn people into dicks

Answer 30

**Males:** More prone to physical aggression Slightly more prone to verbal aggression **Females:** More indirect and relational forms of aggression (Regina George Syndrome)

Answer 31

Performing or witnessing an aggressive act can reduce a person's inclinations towards aggression Not supported by research

Answer 32

Higher temperatures lead to increases in all sorts of crime But! once it gets TOO hot (85F), crime's reduce. People just be melting too much to even kill.

Answer 33

Negative attitudes and feelings toward people based on their membership to a particular group

Answer 34

Negative actions toward people due to their membership in a particular group

Answer 35

**Post-WWII Adorno et al Studies** Looked at Nazi's ***Authoritarian Personality***: high conventionality, rigid thinking, submissive to authority, intolerance of difference This personality also linked to fascist thinking

Answer 36

People always seek to maintain and enhance their self-esteem, which is impacted by personal and social identities People can enhance social self-esteem by viewing the in-group as more favorable than the out-group

Answer 37

Prejudice is the result of competition between groups for scarce resources **Robbers Cave Study:** * Pre-teen boys at summer camp divided into groups and separated * When groups competed against one another, they became competitive and hostile * Only way to fix is to give goals that require cooperation

Answer 38

A dangerous combo of egalitarianism and unacknowledged negative feelings towards groups Deny being racist yet avoid members of certain groups

Answer 39

Combines negative racial views with the belief that members of groups violate traditional conservative values Reject overt discrimination, but don't support policies that help exploited groups

Answer 40

Not overtly prejudiced and they recognize racism But, they think different in outcomes between races is due to good ol' hard work and taking advantge of opportunities

Answer 41

Combines hostile and benevolent sexism Thought to be the most common in men

Answer 42

Having contact between members of hostile groups can reduce prejudice, if the meeting occurs in these conditions: 1. Interactions between individuals 2. Members have equal status 3. Opportunities to work together and achieve mutual goals 4. Cooperation and equality are supports by norms and authority figures

Answer 43

* A **cooperative learning strategy** that divided students into inclusive groups (e.g. white and black students) * Curriculum topics were divided amongst the group, and each student had to learn one and teach it to the others **Findings:** * Students in jig saw classrooms were less prejudiced * Had higher self esteem * Academic achievement of minority students rose

Answer 44

A state of privilege in which you believe that you are superior, and that you hold power to impose standards upon others believe your experience is the same as everyone elses

Answer 45

**A** age **D** dev. disability **D** disability **R** religion **E** ethnicity **S** socioeconomic status **I** indigeneity **N** national origin **G** gender

Answer 46

Change in attitude, belief, behaviour that is caused by social pressure

Answer 47

Change in behaviour that occurs at the request of another person or group of people

Answer 48

Optical illusion of a moving point of light, estimate length of movement **When alone:** Estimates given varies **When in a group** Estimates began to converge towards similarity, often w/i three turns

Answer 49

Estimate length of line in a group **When actors gave true answer:** Participants answer aligned with theirs **When actors gave obviously false answer** 37% of participants still gave same answer as the actors *Driven by need to belong to a group*

Answer 50

When you use other people as a source of info when a task is ambiguous or difficult

Answer 51

1. **Group Size**: increases conformity up until 3-4 people 2. **Unaimity**: even one other dissenter will help people not conform 3. **Ambiguity**: ambiguous info = more conformity 4. **Cohesiveness**: higher cohesion = higher conformity 5. **Personality Characteristics:** low self esteem, low intelligence, high need for approval, and authoritarianism are all associated with greater likelihood of conforming

Answer 52

Dissenters/minority must rely on behavioural style to have influence 1. **Consistent** presentation of message 2. Appear **flexible** and open Dissenters are more likely to influence peoples views

Answer 53

A history of conforming to group norms and contributing something special, or being a group leader, make dissenters more persuasive

Answer 54

Start with a small request and get agreement to it, and then move on to larger requests

Answer 55

Start with a large request that is likely to be refused, and follow it up with a more reasonable request **Cialdini College Volunteer Study** 1st ask: two year volunteer commitment at prison-most said NO 2nd ask: 2 hour trip to the zoo with inmates-50% said YES compared to 17% when asked this request alone

Answer 56

65% delivered near fatal shock in lab 48% delivered near fatal shock when study moved to creepy building **Factors that broke obedience:** * Having another person refuse * Being close to the person being shocked * Receiving telephone instructions as opposed to in person

Answer 57

**Reward Power:** ability to provide DESIRED outcomes **Coercive Power:** ability to provide UNWANTED outcomes **Legitimate Power:** role as a legit authority **Referent Power:** desire of others to identify with and respect the person **Expert Power:** knowledge/expertise **Informational Power:** access to info that is needed by others Expert and referential power has good outcomes for supervisors

Answer 58

**Compliance:** Change overt behaviour, but not attitudes. Often for reward/avoid punishment **Identification:** Change behaviour because attracted to source of influence. Temporary change in attitude (until relationship w/ source of influence ends) **Internalization:** change behaviour and attitude because it's consistent with their beliefs and values

Answer 59

If people perceive that their freedom of choice is being threatened, they may reject attempts at conformity and compliance

Answer 60

Relatively stable and enduring predisposition to act, think, or feel in a certain way towards an idea, person, object or situation

Answer 61

10,000 mile USA road trip with a Chinese couple They were refused service only once In writing, 90% of those same places afterwards said they wouldn't accept Chinese customers * Demonstrates inconsistency between attitude and behaviour

Answer 62

1. If measures of attitude and behaviour are more specific, they are more accurate 2. Attitudes based on strong beliefs that are backed by personal experience 3. Attitude is readily available to awareness

Answer 63

Behaviour is preceded by a behavioural intention, which is affected by 3 things: 1. **Person's attitude** towards the behaviour-will it have + or - consequences? 2. **Person's subjective norms** related to behaviour (do others approve or disapprove of it? 3. **Person's perceived behavioural control** (do you have or not have the ability to do the behaviour?) *To predict behaviour, all of these need to be considered rather than just the persons attitude

Answer 64

**Assumption:** people strive for cognitive consistency, and when dissonance arrives that must: 1. Change attitude or behaviour 2. Acquire new info that eliminates the inconsistency 3. Reduce importance of inconsistency

Answer 65

**The task:** extremely boring **The test:** recruit other participants by telling them it's FUN **Groups:** Group 1 paid $1 for lying Group 2 paid $20 for lying **How did they feel about the study in follow-up?** Group 1 = more favorable views Group 2 = less favorable view than G1 Group 1 had less justification for lying, so they had to change their view of the experiment to reduce dissonance

Answer 66

**Assumption:** people desire cognitive consistency **Cause of Dissonance:** inconsistency between 3 entities *e.g.* if we like someone but disagree with their views, we need to either change the way we feel about them or change our views

Answer 67

**Latitude of Acceptance:** all positions a person considers acceptable **Latitude of Rejection:** all positions a person considered unacceptable **Latitude of Noncommitment:** all positions the person neither accepts nor rejects, but will consider We are more likely to be persuaded by messages that fall in latitude of acceptance

Answer 68

Persuasive messages change attitude through 2 routes: **Peripheral:** * cues unrelated to message (e.g. attractiveness of communicator) * based on mental shortcuts * *Likely when*: message feels unimportant, uninformed, distracted, you're in a good mood **Central:** * careful processing * *Likely when:* message feels important, well-informed, not distracted, you're in a negative or neutral mood * More likely to create long lasting change

Answer 69

**Credibility:** * perception of competence (credentials) and trustworthiness (motives) * Trustworthiness increased when the speaker has nothing to gain from the argument This only has a short term impact Long term, credible and uncredible communicators had same results

Answer 70

**One Sided:** * only give one side of argument * Effective when the audience already favors the communicators position * More effective on uninformed people who are unlikely to encounter the counter argument **Two Sided:** * Most effective when audience initially DISAGREES with communicators side, and they are well-informed of the topic

Answer 71

MODERATE discrepancy High-credibility communicators have the best luck with moderate discrepancy

Answer 72

**Primacy Effect** When two arguments are presented back to back, the first one has more impact (based on a measure given of attitude change) **Recency Effect:** When two arguments are presented with a time gap between, the second one presented has more impact on attitude change

Answer 73

They are only effective if they include information about how to avoid the danger, or if they make the audience feel more vulnerable to the danger

Answer 74

* Low self-esteem * High self-monitoring * Low need for cognition

Answer 75

* Good mood makes us more persuadable usually * **Weak Argument:** more persuaded by these when in a good mood * **Strong Argument:** more persuaded by these when we are in a neutral or bad mood

Answer 76

Being told that a message will be persuasive, makes it less persuasive **Inoculation Theory:** A person's resistance to persuasion is increased when they're provided with a weak version of the arguments prior to hearing the actual message

Answer 77

1. **Forming**: low commitment, ambivalent, rely on leader 2. **Storming:** conflicts develop as members work out ways to meet group goals and establish their role in it 3. **Norming:** cohesion develops. Group norms established, cooperation increases 4. **Performing:** efforts on accomplishing goals, members able to work through conflicts 5. **Adjourning:** concludes activities, address feelings about it ending

Answer 78

Members work on the task individually Group product is the sum of all members work e.g. team work house painting

Answer 79

Each member contributes a different skill to the task The product is a result of all the skills coming together E.g. orchestra

Answer 80

Group product/performance is dependent on the least competent member E.g. sports team

Answer 81

Group product/performance is determined by most skilled member E.g. group work, person with best ideas leads to best outcomes

Answer 82

Members average their input to arrive at a result E.g. independent raters of employee performance; their scores are averaged to reach the final score

Answer 83

**Social Facilitation** * presence of others improves performance * More likely on easy tasks (dominant response likely to be the right one) **Social Inhibition** * presence of others worsens performance * more likely on difficult tasks (dominant response less likely to be the right one) Presence of others may increase drive (physiological arousal) which increases likelihood of using dominant response

Answer 84

**What is it?** Tendency for people to put in less effort in group efforts **Ringelmann's Study:** More people pushing the cart, the less effort each individual put in **How to reduce?** * If members think individual efforts are identifiable * When group membership is important * The task is intrinsically meaningful or interesting

Answer 85

**What is it?** Members opinions shift to more cautious or more risky after group discussion **Myers & Bishop Prejudice Study** * Participants divided into high-prejudice and low-prejudice groups based on measure scores * Subsequent groups met to discuss racial issues * Low prejudice group came out even less prejudiced * High prejudiced group came out more prejudiced

Answer 86

Started with Janis studying decision making in the Bay of Pigs, Vietnam War, Watergate cover-up Components of Group Think: **Antecedent:** external stressors, high group cohesion, problematic group dynamic **Symptoms:** feel invulnerable, think group is the moral peak, discourage dissent and provide an illusion of total agreement **Outcomes:** don't ID alternative actions, don't consider risks, decision based on high bias **How to prevent?** * 1 member assigned devils advocate * Critical thinking encouraged * External consultation encouraged

Answer 87

*Research found that people working alone generated more good ideas than people working together* **Can improve by:** * having a leader trained in brainstorming who leads the session * done electronically

Answer 88

Study of the effects of the physical and social environment on perceptions, attitudes, behaviours

Answer 89

**Assumption:** Behaviour is the function of interactions between person and their perception of the physical & social environment they occupy

Answer 90

Conflict occurs when forces directing a person toward or away from a goal are equal in desirability **Approach-Approach** * Choose between 2 equally desirable goals **Avoidance-Avoidance** * Choose between equally undesirable goals. Difficult, freeze/escape common **Approach-Avoidance** * 1 goal, has both desirable and undesirable parts. Difficult to resolve. Moving closer activates higher avoidance **Double Approach-Avoidance** * 2 goals, both with desirable and undesirable qualities * Hardest to resolve, lots of vacillation

Answer 91

* When in good mood, it can increase + feelings * Bad mood = - feelings * When distracted, crowding not as perceived (e.g. action packed vs documentary in theatre study) * May negatively affect performance on complex tasks, but not simple

Answer 92

* Culture dependent * Kinda gender dependent (dudes need space from other dudes lest they become gay)

Answer 93

**What is it?** Predicts likelihood that a person will engage in a health related behaviour **Assumes Behaviour Determined by...** 1. *Perceived Susceptibility:* person's estimate of risk of getting ill 2. *Perceived Severity:* beliefs about seriousness of illness 3. *Perceived Benefits:* what are the + consequences of doing the thing? 4. *Perceived Barriers:* what are the difficulties in doing the thing? **Interventions:** Focus on providing accurate information

Answer 94

**Hardiness:** 1. Personal Control of life 2. Commitment to one's activities, etc 3. Challenge: challenge makes us stronger (b.a.r.f) No. 1 most impactful **Stress-Buffering Hypothesis:** Perceived high level of support protects against harmful effects of stress

Social Psychology Flashcards

(120 cards)