Neuropsychology Flashcards

Question

Hormones: Thyroxin

Answer 1

Controls metabolism Low = hypothyroidism High = hyperthyroidism * At extreme: Grave's Disease

Answer 2

Stimulates uptake of glucose and amino acids **Low** = diabetes Hyperglycemia: high appetite, weight loss, pee lots, thirsty, prone to infection, apathy, kidney problems **High** = hypoglycemia (hunger, weakness, headaches, visual disturbance, palpitations, anxiety, depression, confusion)

Answer 3

Regulates blood glucose levels Low = Addison's disease (weakness, fatigue, low BP, irritability, darkening of skin pigmentation) High = Cushing's disease (obesity, hypertension, impaired concentration & memory, depression/anx, low libido)

Answer 4

Brain stem 1. Medulla Oblongata 2. Pons 3. Cerebellum

Answer 5

**Controls:** * Breath * Heart * BP * Digestion **Stimulates:** * Coughing * Swallowing * Salivating *Damage often fatal*

Answer 6

*Connects 2 halves of cerebellum* Relays *sensory* & *motor* information **Role in**: arousal, sleep, respiration

Answer 7

**Role in:** * balance * coordination * posture **Damage:** may cause *ataxia* (slurred speech, tremors, loss of balance)

Answer 8

1. Reticular Activating System 2. Substantia Nigra

Answer 9

Part of reticular formation (bunch of neurons from spinal cord to midbrain) Regulates: * Sleep-wake transition * Screens incoming sensory info, esp. when sleeping * Wakes us up if sensory info needs to be attended to (e.g. cat chaos)

Answer 10

**Role in:** * controlling movement * reward-seeking * addictive behaviour Degeneration of dopamine neurons here can lead to *Parkinson's*

Answer 11

1. Hypothalamus 2. Thalamus 3. Basal ganglia 4. Limbic system

Answer 12

Controls ANS and Endocrine via teh pituitary **Role:** * Maintain homeostasis: temperature, metabolism * Motivated behaviours: drinking, feeding, sex, aggression, maternal behaviour * Expression of strong emotions, esp. rage, fear, excitement

Answer 13

**Suprachiasmatic Nucleus:** * Regulates circadian rhythm through light/dark cues **Mammillary Bodies:** * Important for memory * Damage can result in *Korsakoff's Syndrome* (antero/retrograde amnesia, confabulation). related to thiamine deficiency as a result of alcoholism

Answer 14

**Central Relay Station** * Relay incoming sensory info to cortex (except for olfaction-it is relayed by LIMBIC) * Process info between different cortical regions and between cortex & subcortical * *Language, memory, activity*

Answer 15

1. Caudate nucleus 2. Globus pallidus 3. Putamen

Answer 16

Substantia nigra Cerebellum Basal Ganglia (caudate nucelus, globus pallidus, putamen)

Answer 17

Process and relay info needed for control of: * Voltuntary movement * Motor expression of emotion * Sensorimotor learning **Abnormalities:** * Tourette's * Huntington's * Parkinson's * Schizophrenia * Mood disorders * OCD * ADHD

Answer 18

1. Amygdala 2. Septum 3. Cingulate cortex 4. Hippocampus

Answer 19

* Integrates and directs emotional reactions * Attaches emotion to info it gets from the senses * Mediates aggressive/defensive behaviour **Damage:** lack of fear, struggle reading tones/expressions *Kluver-Bucy Syndrome:* low fear & aggression, increased docility, altered diet, psychic blindness, hypersexuality *occurred in monkeys w/ bilateral lesions in amygdala and anterior temporal lobe*

Answer 20

Inhibits emotionality Lesions may cause *Septal Rage Syndrome* (shown in rats) * Hyperemotionality * Viciousness

Answer 21

Regulates emotional responses and pain perception

Answer 22

**Role:** * Memory and Learning * Memory consolidation **Damage:** * Anterograde amnesia * Degeneration linked to memory loss

Answer 23

Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body Olfactory is the exception.

Answer 24

Each hemisphere dominates for certain behaviours *Left Hemisphere* is often responsible for language, logic, positive emotion *Right Hemisphere* for spatial relationships, creativity, negative emotion

Answer 25

Info in left visual field, people couldn't verbally ID object or pick it out with right hand, but could with left hand

Answer 26

1. Frontal Lobe 2. Parietal Lobe 3. Occipital Lobe 4. Temporal Lobe

Answer 27

* Motor behaviour * Expressive language * Higher-level cognitive functions

Answer 28

1. Primary motor cortex 2. Premotor cortex 3. Broca's area 4. Prefrontal cortex

Answer 29

Part of the Pyramidal Motor System (pathway of neurons from motor cortex to brain stem and spinal cord. Mediates intricate movement, and speed/strength of movement) Role in the control of voluntary movement Lesions may produce weakness, paralysis, apraxia

Answer 30

Location: anterior to primary motor cortex Active during motor actions, or when observing people do motor actions

Answer 31

A primary language area, within the left frontal lobe **Broca's Aphasia:** deficits in production of written and spoken language * slow, simple speech * difficulty repeating phrases * anomia

Answer 32

**High order cog functions**: * planning * judgement * problem solving * memory (WM & prospective memory) * regulate emotion & motor responses **Damage:** * Dorsolateral Prefrontal Area: 'Dysexecutive syndrome' (impaired problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, highly distracticle, apathetic) * *Medial Frontal:"* pseudodepression * *Pseudopsychopathy*

Answer 33

1. Auditory input 2. Long-term memory

Answer 34

1. Auditory Cortex 2. Wernicke's area

Answer 35

Mediation of auditory input **Damage:** * auditory agnosia (can't distinguish sound) * auditory hallucinations

Answer 36

**Location**: left temporal lobe **Role**: language comprehension **Damage**: * *Wernicke's Aphasia*: trouble understanding language. they produce fluent speech but it is nonsensical. Anomia, difficulty w/ repetition

Answer 37

**What?** comprehends language and speaks fluently, but has anomia and difficulties repeating what has been heard **Cause:** lesions in the arcuate fasciculus (connects Broca and Wernickes)

Answer 38

Electrical stimulation of certain parts of the right temporal lobe

Answer 39

Tumors here may affect verbal or nonverbal memory **H.M** had a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy to treat epilepsy ST memory and pre-surgery memory were intact Couldn't acquire new information, or recall info retained shortly before the surgery

Answer 40

1. **Role:** * process somatosensory input and integrates it w/ other info

Answer 41

**Somatosensory Agnosia:** * *tactile agnosia*: can't ID objects by touch * *asomatognosia*: can't recognize own body parts * *anosognosia*: can't recognize own symptoms

Answer 42

Loss of knowledge of or interest in one side of the body or things in the environment Location: right parietal lobe

Answer 43

**Apraxia** * can't do purposeful movement. * *Ideomotor Apraxia*: can't carry out request to do an action, but can do it spontaneously * *Constructional Apraxia*: can't draw or copy simple figures or arrange blocks in pattern

Answer 44

**Cause:** lesions in left hemisphere **Impact:** * *Agraphia:* difficulties w/ writing * Acalculia: difficulties w/ math * Finger agnosia: can't recognize our fingers * Left-right disorientation

Answer 45

**Role:** process visual info **Damage:** * Total damage = complete blindness * Less extensive = blind spots, after-images, loss of depth perception, alexia (can't recognize printed words), visual agnosia (can't recognize familiar objects)

Answer 46

**What?** inability to recognize familiar faces **Cause:** damage that affects junction of occipital/temporal/parietal lobes

Answer 47

1. Autonomic arousal 2. Feelings 3. Behaviour

Answer 48

1. Happiness 2. Sadness 3. Fear 4. Anger 5. Disgust 6. Surprise

Answer 49

One of the first to research brain mechanisms underlying emotions **Neural circuit** that mediates experience and expression of emotions **Circuit =** hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei of thalamus, cingulate gyrus *Ended up being more involved w/ memory than emotion*

Answer 50

1. **Hypothalamus:** physical expression of emotion through ANS and pituitary 2. **Amygdala:** attach emotional content to memory, esp. fear & anxiety, mediate aggression, recognize fear in others 3. **Cerebral Cortex:** left linked to positive emotions; damage = depression, anxiety. Right linked to negative emotions; damage = indifference

Answer 51

Emotions happen when an *autonomic response* occurs to stimuli, which is then *interpreted* as an emotion e.g. I'm trembling, so I must be scared.

Answer 52

Stimulus triggers thalamus to engage SNS and cerebral cortex Arousal and emotional experience occur together Thinks all emotions have same physiological response

Answer 53

Emotion is a combo of physical arousal and cognitive attributions for the arousal Physical sensations similar for most emotions

Answer 54

The *hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis* (HPG) Genetic, but affected by diet, health, climate, etc.

Answer 55

1. The corpus callosum 2. Amygdala 3. Hippocampus 4. Cerebellum

Answer 56

To reduce the effects of menopause (e.g. osteoporosis, heart disease, all the other great stuff) Increase sex drive (T given to both men and women for this purpose)

Answer 57

* Transitional stage * fast alpha waves replaced by slower theta waves * Drowsy, muscles relax, heart slows

Answer 58

* Starts in a few minutes * Theta waves w/ sporadic sleep spindles and K-Complexes (bursts of higher activity) * Moderately light sleep

Answer 59

* Transition stage * large & slow delta waves appear

Answer 60

* Large, slow delta waves * Deep breath, slowed heart, low BP * Deep sleep

Answer 61

Deep sleep, but brain waves are similar to stage 1/2 Breath and heart similar to awake AKA *Paradoxical Sleep* Dreams here are more vivid and easily remembered

Answer 62

We sleep less Less time spent in REM and in Stages 3/4 We start to wake more throughout the night May shift to earlier bed time, earlier wake time

Answer 63

Alters sleep patterns Anxiety, irritability Impair cog functioning Effects go away once allowed to sleep A REM rebound occurs once asleep

Answer 64

Memory consolidation (ST to LT) Consolidation happens during sleep

Answer 65

Forms emotional memories by linking emotions to stimuli and events

Answer 66

Working Memory Prospective Memory: remember something in the future

Answer 67

Storage of LT declarative memory

Answer 68

High-frequency stim of neurons increases sensitivity and structure of dendrites These changes may underlie memory formation

Answer 69

ST memory = modification of preexisting proteins LT memory = synthesis of new proteins Meds that block the synthesis of protein or RNA prevent formation of LT memory

Answer 70

receipt of info by sensory receptors and the translation of that info into nerve impulses that get sent to the brain

Answer 71

The process of becoming aware of and interpreting what has been sensed

Answer 72

A photoreceptor that are adapted for low levels of light See in black, white, grey *Location:* periphery of retina

Answer 73

Photoreceptors specialized for detecting colour, visual acuity, function best in bright light *Location:* clustered around centre of retina (fovea)

Answer 74

Photoreceptors --> Bipolar Cells --> Ganglion Cells Axoms of the Ganglion Cells form the optic nerve

Answer 75

There's 3 types of color receptions that respond to a primary colour What are the colours?! red, blue, green applies only to 1st level of processing @ retina

Answer 76

3 types of opponent-process cells (stimulated by 1-inhibited by another) 1. red-green 2. yellow-blue 3. white-black Patterns of stimulation produce colours Explains why we see after images Applies to 2nd level of processing (retina to visual cortex)

Answer 77

Genetic: anomaly on X chromosome Injury/Disease Most common is red-green colour blindness

Answer 78

Sound wave enters --> auditory canal --> ear drum --> ossicles --> oval window --> cochlea --> hair cells (auditory receptors) --> transformed to neural activity --> auditory nerve --> thalamus --> auditory cortex

Answer 79

Intensity Amplitude of sound waves Measures in decibels Pain threshold is 120db

Answer 80

Frequency of sound waves Measured in cycles per second (Hertz) Human range: 20-20,000 Hz

Answer 81

Tonal quality of sound, related to the sound waves complexity Makes it possible to distinguish between two sounds that have same loudness and pitch

Answer 82

It is not caused by a single type of stimulus, but a variety

Answer 83

* Past experience with pain (more past exp = more sensitive) * Expectations of pain relief * Anxiety/depression * BPD/ASD/etc

Answer 84

**2 types of nerve fibres: ** -large myelinated fibres -Small, unmyelinated fibres Activation of large inhibits transmission of pain by small fibres **How to activate**? massage, temperature therapy, etc.

Answer 85

Caused by nervous system trauma, surgery, disease, drugs E.G. **Phantom Limb Pain**: thought to be caused by damage to central/peripheral NS **Treatment:** anti-depressants, opioids, anticonvulsants, topical analgesics, transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS)

Answer 86

An involuntary perceptual condition in which stim of one sensory mode elicits a sensation in another mode **Types:** -*Grapheme Synesthesia:* numbers/letters are associated with a colour

Answer 87

Cytowic (1993) said the limbic system Others say increased connectivity of neural connections between associated regions Genetic, sensory deprivation, drug use, brain damage

Answer 88

Study of the relationship between magnitude of physical stimuli and psychological sensations

Answer 89

1. **Absolute Threshold:** weakest stimuli that a person can detect . Its the intensity at which a stimulus is detected 50% of the time by people 2. **Difference Threshold:** AKA **Just Noticeable Difference**. Smallest physical difference between two stimuli that is recognized as a difference (e.g. with a 10lbs weight, you don't notice a difference between 8 lbs or 12lbs. JND is 2lbs)

Answer 90

The just noticeable difference for any stimulus increases in size in direct proportion to the magnitude of the stimulus

Answer 91

There's a logarithmic relationship between psychological sensation and magnitude of physical stimulus Intensity of internal sensation increases arithmetically as the stimulus increases

Answer 92

There's an exponential relationship between psychological sensation and magnitude of a physical stimulus, and it varies between stimuli **Method of Magnitude Estimation:** participants rated intensity value to different stimuli. It showed that the perception varied based on type of stimuli. E.g. doubling intensity of a light may double perception of its brightness, but doubling the temp of a room more than doubles the perception of heat

Answer 93

Disorders of the nervous system 1. stoke 2. TBI 3. motor disorders 4. seizures 5. headaches

Answer 94

1. Structural techniques 2. Functional techniques

Answer 95

ID structural changes **Types:** *CT/CAT* (computerized axial tomography) scan: xray *MRI*: magnetic & radio waves Show cross sections of brain

Answer 96

Brain structure and activity **Types:** 1. *PET* (positron emission tomography): radioactive injection. Map NT's and find dysfunction 2.* SPECT* (single photon emission computed tomography): like PET, but lower resolution 3. *fMRI*: shows brain activity based on blood oxygenation

Answer 97

1. **Ischemic:** artery is blocked 2. **Hemorrhagic:** blood vessel in brain ruptures or leaks

Answer 98

1. Hypertension 2. Athersclerosis 3. Atrial fibrillation 4. Diabetes 5. Cigarettes 6. Age/Gender/Race

Answer 99

Most common one Contralateral hemiplegia & hemiparesis (face + arm) Contralateral visual field loss Aphasia May not notice some symptoms

Answer 100

Contralateral hemiplegia (leg) Impaired judgment and insight Personality change Incontinence

Answer 101

Cortical blindness Visual agnosia Language impairment Memory loss

Answer 102

1. **Open Head Injury:** symptoms focal to area affected, resolves quickly, rare to lose consciousness 2. **Closed Head Injury:** more wide spread damage, often lose consciousness. Often has emotional, behavioural, physical, cognitive symptoms

Answer 103

1. **Glasgow Coma Scale** 2. **Duration of Post Traumatic Amnesia** 3. **Duration of Loss of Consciousness** All rated as mild/moderate/severe

Answer 104

When a TBI results in prolonged symptoms such as: * dizziness * headaches * memory impairment * fatigue * emotional instability Could meet DSM-5 for Major/Mild Neurocognitive Disorder

Answer 105

**Initial Symptoms:** * Depression * Anxiety * Mania * Emotional lability **Middle Symptoms:** * Forgetfulness * Personality changes * Motor symptoms (clumsiness, fidgetting, incoordination) **Later Symptoms:** * Athetosis: slow, writhing movement * Chorea: involuntary movement of face, limbs, trunk * Disarthria: struggle articulating words * Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing * Immobility * Mild/Major neurocog **Age of Onset:** 30-50

Answer 106

**Genetics:** * autosomal dominant gene **Brain:** * smaller basal ganglia * abnormal cortex * reduced metabolic brain activity **Neurotransmitter:** * Glutamate * ACh * GABA * Dopamine

Answer 107

**Tremor:** * first symptom * "Pill rolling" hand movement **Rigidity:** * neck, arms, legs * 'Cogwheel Rigidity' = tremor + rigid = jerky movement **Postural Instability:** * unsteadiness * Stooped posture **Bradykinesia:** * difficulty initiating/completing movements * Face: blank mask

Answer 108

Loss of dopamine producing cells in the substantia nigra Basal ganglia, thalamus and cortex then affected

Answer 109

No loss of consciousness Uncontrollable movements Sensory (hallucinations, paresthesias) Autonomic (nausea, sweating)

Answer 110

Start with aura Alteration in consciousness Automatisms: involuntary complex movements Most often originating in lobes of cerebral cortex, esp. temporal

Answer 111

AKA grand mal **Symptoms:** * altered consciousness * Tonic (stiffening of body) followed by clonic (jerky movement of arms and legs) * Once conscious, may be depressed, irritable, confused, have amnesia

Answer 112

AKA petit mal **Symptoms:** * brief loss of consciousness * Vacant stare

Answer 113

Low serotonin that leads to constriction of blood vessels But really, they don't know

Answer 114

**Medication:** * NSAIDs * Ergotamine * Sumatriptan * SSRI * Beta-blockers **Other:** * thermal biofeedback * autogenic training

Answer 115

Usually muscle tension Serotonin may be involved

Answer 116

**Medication:** * sumatriptan * lidocaine **Other:** * oxygen therapy

Answer 117

**Causes:** * Sinusitis **Treatment:** * Antihistamines * Decongestants * Antibiotics * Corticosteroids

Answer 118

calculates the net impact of genetic and environmental variables on specific traits

Answer 119

Used to ID what genes are responsible for specific traits

Answer 120

Produce similar effects as do neurotransmitters

Answer 121

Produce effects opposite to those of a neurotransmitter

Answer 122

Produce no activity on their own; they reduce/block the effects of a NT or agonist

Answer 123

Asians and African Americans may metabolize some isoenzymes slower than White peoples This leads to increased sensitivity to the therapeutic and side effects of meds

Answer 124

1. Tricyclic (TCA's) 2. SSRI's 3. Monoamine Oxidate Inhibitor (MAOIs) 4. Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI) 5. Norepinephrine-dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRI's)

Answer 125

**How?** block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin **Common Ones:** 1. Imipramine (Tofranil) 2. Clomipramine (Anafranil) 3. Amitriptyline (Elavil)

Answer 126

1. **MDD** w/ hopelessness and anhedonia 2. Relieve physicals symptoms: appetite, sleep, energy 3. Dysthymic Disorder 4. Panic attack 5. Agoraphobia 6. OCD (clomipramine) 7. Enuresis (imipramine) 8. Chronic pain

Answer 127

* Anticholinergic: dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vission * Gastrointestinal * Impaired sexual functioning * Drowsiness * Weight gain * Confusion/memory impairment Less common: * tachycardia * arrhythmia * Orthostatic hypotension Very toxic in overdose

Answer 128

**Work?** increase the availability of serotonin at synapses **Common Ones:** 1. Fluoxetine (prozac) 2. Sertraline (Zoloft) 3. Paroxetine (Paxil)

Answer 129

1. MDD 2. Dysthymic disorder 3. OCD 4. Panic disorder 5. Social phobia 6. Binge eating 7. Premature ejaculation

Answer 130

**Common:** * Nausea * Loss of appetite * Impaired sex functioning * Dizziness * Agitation * Headaches Safer in overdose Combined with other meds may cause *Serotonin Syndrome*

Answer 131

**How?** block an enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine & serotonin **Common Ones:** 1. Phenelzine (Nardil) 2. Tranylcypromine (Parnate)

Answer 132

Atypical depression (increased appetite, hypersomnia, RSD, reactivity, hypochondriasis) Depression that hasn't responded to other meds

Answer 133

**Common:** * dry mouth * anti-cholinergic * nausea * weight gain * dizziness * insomnia * tremoe * Tachycardia * Impaired sex functioning **Overdose:** * Seizures * Coma * Cardiac arrest Combined with other drugs/food containing tyramine can cause *Hypertensive Crisis*

Answer 134

1. Venlafaxine (Effexor) 2. Duloxetine (Cymbalta) 3. Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)

Answer 135

1. Sleep disturbance 2. nausea 3. gastrointestinal 4. sex dysfunction 5. headache 6. high BP

Answer 136

1. MDD 2. GAD 3. SAD 4. Panic Disorder

Answer 137

1. Buproprion: Wellbutrin, Zyban

Answer 138

**Lithium carbonate:** 1. Eskalith 2. Lithonat 3. Duralith **Lithium citrate:** 1. Cibalith

Answer 139

**Common:** * nausea * diarrhea * metallic taste * weight gain * hand tremor * fatigue * mild cog impairment

Answer 140

1. Cabamazepine (Tegretol) 2. Valproic acid (Depakote) Used to treat mania and mania w/ rapid cycling

Answer 141

1. Vomiting 2. Lethargy 3. Tremor 4. Ataxia 5. Visual disturbances Monitor closely for liver failure, low white blood cell count, anemia

Answer 142

**How?** block dopamine receptors **Common ones:** 1. *Phenothiazines*: clorpromazine (Thorazine), thioridazine (Mellaril) 2. *Butyrophenones*: haloperidol (Haldol)

Answer 143

1. Schizophrenia (only work on + symptoms) 2. Psychosis 3. Tourette's 4. Acute mania

Answer 144

**Anticholinergic:** * Dry mouth * Urinary retention * Blurred vision * Tachycardia * Gastric distress * Sex dysfunction **Extrapyramidal:** * Parkinsonism * Dystonia (muscle contraction, involuntary movement) * Akathisia * Tardive dyskinesia **Neuroleptic malignant syndrome:** life threatening. ridity muscle, fever, unstable blood pressure, cog disturbances, autonomic dysfunction

Answer 145

1. Benzodiazapines 2. Barbituates

Answer 146

**How?** enhance GABA **Common ones:** 1. Diazepam (valium) 2. Alprazolam (xanax) 3. clonazepam (klonapin) 4. Lorazepam (ativan) 5. Triazolam (Halcion)

Answer 147

Anxiety Insomnia Muscle spasms Seizures Moderate/severe alcohol withdrawal

Answer 148

**Common:** * Drowsiness/sedation * Ataxia * Incoordination * Anterograde amnesia * Reduced concentration * Anticholinergic * Sex dysfunction Very addictive Severe withdrawal Fatal mized with other CNS depressants

Answer 149

**How?** affect GABA in reticular activating system, medulla, parts of cortex **Common ones:** 1. thiopental (pentothal) 2. amobarbital (amytal) 3. secobarbital (seconal)

Answer 150

General anesthetic Manage agitated patients ST insomnia treatment Used to be for anxiety

Answer 151

**Common:** * Drowsiness * Dizziness * Confusion * Ataxia * Cog impairment * Paradoxical excitement Very addictive Withdrawal: seizures, delirium, death Too much fatally suppresses breathing

Answer 152

**How?** affects dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin **Med:** Buspirone (BuSpar)

Answer 153

**Common:** * Dizziness * Light headedness * Nausea * Headache Doesn't have strong sedative effect Seems to be less addictive

Answer 154

**How?** mimic the bodies natural analgesics (endorphins, enkephalins) **Types:** 1. *Natural opioids*: opium, morphine, codeine 2. *Synthetic opioids* 3. *Semi-synthetic opioids*: heroin, methadone, oxycodone (Percodan, OxyContin), hydrocodone (Vicodin), meperidine (Demerol)

Answer 155

**Common:** * Dry mouth * Nausea * Pupil constriction * Hypotension * Cough suppression * Sex dysfunction * Respiratory depression **Overdose:** decreased pulse, convulsions, coma, death **Chronic Use:** dependence, tolerance, withdrawal.

Answer 156

**How?** mimic norepinephrine & dopamine **Common Ones:** 1. Methylphenidate: ritalin, concerta 2. Pemoline: cylert 3. Amphetamine-dextroamphetamine: adderall

Answer 157

ADHD Narcolepsy They decrease motor activity & impulsiveness

Answer 158

**Common:** 1. Insomnia 2. Decreased appetite 3. Weight loss 4. Stomachaches 5. Dysphoric mood May worsen tics Kids may have a *drug holiday*

Answer 159

**How?** block reuptake of norepinephrine **Med:** atomoxetine (strattera) **Use:** non-stim drug for ADHD **Side Effects:** * Decreased appetite * dizziness * fatigue * irritability * sexual dysfunction * menstrual cramps * may increase SI in kids and teens

Answer 160

**How?** inhibit SNS by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors. Slow HR and lower BP **Med:** propranolol (Inderal)

Answer 161

1. Hypertension 2. Cardiac arrythmias 3. Migraine 4. Essential tremor 5. Physical symptoms of anxiety

Answer 162

**Common:** * brachycardia * hypotension * sex dysfunction * fatigue * nausea * vision changes * dizziness * depression **Abrupt withdrawal:** * headache * tremors * confusion * hypertension * arrhythmia

Answer 163

**Meds:** 1. Disulfiram (Antabuse) 2. Naltrexone (ReVia, Vivitrol) **How?** *No. 1* causes nausea, vomit, shortness of breath, tachycardia when taken with booze *No. 2* reduces pleasurable effects of booze and cravings for it **Side effects:** * *No.1*: drowsy, rash, headache, restless, impotence, blood dyscrasias, metallic/garlic taste. Overdose may be fatal * *No 2*.: stomach pain, nausea, vomit, fatigue, headache, joint/muscle pain, liver damage

Answer 164

**How?** inhibit breakdown of acetylcholine **Meds:** 1. Tacrine Hydrochloride (Cognex) 2. Donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept) 3. Rivastigmine (Exelon) 4. Galantamine (Razadyne)

Answer 165

**Uses:** * slow down memory loss & other cog impairments in Alzheimers * Donepezil: approved for mild/mod/severe Alzheimers * Others approved only for mild/moderate **Side Effects:** * Diarrhea * Nausea * Loss of appetite * Weight loss * Stomach pain * *Tacrine Hydrochloride* can cause liver failure; rarely prescribed

Answer 166

**Focus:** effectiveness of intervention in typical community settings **Formulation:** 1. Hypothesis about clinical concern 2. Objective/measurable goals that capture clinical significance 3. Randomized design 4. Selection criterion 5. Large sample size

Answer 167

1. **Cytogenetic:** examine chromosomal abnormalities 2. **Biochemical:** examine proteins instead of gene 3. **Molecular:** directly analyze DNA sequence

Neuropsychology Flashcards

(192 cards)