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Developmental Psychology > Developmental Psychology Unit 1 > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Science of human development

A

Science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time

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2
Q

Scientific method

A

A way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions

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3
Q

Replication

A

Repeating a study, usually using different participants

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3
Q

Differential susceptibility

A

Idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences, either because of their genes or their past experiences

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4
Q

Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of?

A

Nature and nurture

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5
Q

Examples of nature

A

Traits, capacities, limitations

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6
Q

Example of nurture

A

Health, diet, family, school, community

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7
Q

Life-span perspective

A

An approach to the study of human development that includes all phases, from birth to death

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8
Q

Discontinuity

A

Change can occur rapidly and dramatically

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9
Q

Continuity

A

Growth can be gradual

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10
Q

Critical period

A

A time when a particular development must occur, if it doesn’t as when something toxic prevents that growth, then it cannot develop later

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11
Q

Sensitive period

A

A time when a particular development growth is most likely to occur, although it may still happen later

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12
Q

Example of critical period

A

Development of hearing, vision

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13
Q

Example of sensitive period

A

Crawling, jumping, walking

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14
Q

Urie Bronfenbrenner

A

Ecological-systems approach

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15
Q

Ecological systems approach

A

A perspective on human development that considers all of the influences from various contexts of development

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16
Q

Microsystem

A

Each person’s immediate social contexts

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17
Q

Cohort

A

People born within the same historical period who therefore move through life together, experiencing the same events, new technologies, and cultural shifts at the same ages

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18
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

A person’s position in society as determined by income, occupation, education, and place of residence

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19
Q

Culture

A

A system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions

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20
Q

Social construction

A

An idea that is built on shared perceptions, not on objective reality

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21
Q

Difference-equals-deficit error

A

A mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior

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22
Q

Ethnic group

A

People whose ancestors were born in the same region, usually share a language, culture, and/or religion

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23
Q

Race

A

Concept that some people are distinct from others because of physical appearance, typically skin color

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24
Q

Intersectionality

A

The idea that the various identities need to be combined

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25
Q

Plasticity

A

The idea that abilities, personality, and other human characteristics are moldable, and thus can change

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26
Q

Dynamic-systems approach

A

A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences

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27
Q

Developmental theory

A

A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations about human growth, provides a framework to interpret growth and change

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28
Q

Psychodynamic

A

Stress the power of a person’s past experiences and emotions to shape their current thoughts and actions

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29
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

A theory that human development that contends that irrational, unconscious drives and motives underlie human behavior

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30
Q

Grand theories

A

Comprehensive theories that have inspired thinking about development for decades

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31
Q

Minitheories

A

Theories that explain some specific area of development but that are not as comprehensive as grand theories

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32
Q

Emergent theories

A

Relatively new comprehensive theories that bring together information from many disciplines but not yet comprehensive

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33
Q

Example of grand theory

A

Psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive

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34
Q

Example of emergent theory

A

Sociocultural, epigenetic

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35
Q

Example of continuous theories

A

Learning, sociocultural, epigenetic

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36
Q

Example of discontinuous theories

A

Psychoanalytic, cognitive

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37
Q

Oral stage

A

Infants erotic body part is the mouth (Birth-1)

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38
Q

Anal stage

A

Focus on anus in early childhood (1-3)

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39
Q

Phallic stage

A

Penis is the source of pride and fear for boys and the reason for sadness and envy for girls in preschool years (3-6)

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40
Q

Latency

A

Quiet period that ends in a 4th stage (6-11)

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41
Q

Genital stage

A

Focus of pleasure in puberty and adulthood is genitals

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42
Q

For Sigmund Freud, development stopped when?

A

After puberty

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43
Q

Id

A

Pleasure principle; unconscious mind

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44
Q

Ego

A

Reality principle; conscious mind

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45
Q

Superego

A

Moral principle; preconscious

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46
Q

Trust vs. mistrust

A

Basic needs (Birth-1)

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47
Q

Autonomy vs. shame

A

Self-sufficient in activities (1-3)

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48
Q

Initiative vs. guilt

A

Undertake adult-like activities (3-6)

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49
Q

Industry vs. inferiority

A

Master new skills (6-11)

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50
Q

Identity vs. role confusion

A

Establish identity and self (Adolescence)

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51
Q

Intimacy vs. isolation

A

Seek love and companionship (Adulthood)

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52
Q

Generativity vs. stagnation

A

Contribute to future generations (Middle-aged adulthood)

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53
Q

Integrity vs. despair

A

Make sense of lives (Old-aged adulthood)

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54
Q

Behaviorism

A

A theory of human development that studies observable actions; learning theory

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55
Q

Classical conditioning

A

When a living creature learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually reacting to the neutral stimulus in the same way as the meaningful stimulus

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56
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning process that reinforces or punishes behavior; instrumental conditioning

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57
Q

Reinforcement

A

Positive experience that follows a behavior making it more likely that the behavior will occur again

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58
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Social learning theory

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59
Q

Social learning theory

A

Theory that emphasizes the influence of other people, even without reinforcement, people learn via role models; observational learning

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60
Q

Cognitive theory

A

Theory of human development that focuses on how people think, thoughts shapes our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

61
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Infants think with senses (Birth-2)

62
Q

Pre-operational stage

A

Preschoolers think with language (2-7)

63
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

School-age kids think with simple logic (7-11)

64
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Adolescents and adults think with abstract logic (11+)

65
Q

For Piaget, intelligence increases as humans seek cognitive

A

Equilibration

66
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Idea that many current human emotions and impulses are a legacy from thousands of years ago

67
Q

Scientific observation

A

Watching and recording participants’ behavior in a systematic and objective manner - in a natural setting, laboratory, or in searches of archival data

68
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which the researcher adds one variable and then observes the effect on another variable in order to learn if the independent variable causes change in the dependent variable

69
Q

Survey

A

Research method in which information is collected from a large number of interviews, written questionnaires, or some other means

70
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

Research design that compares people who differ in age but no in other important characteristics

71
Q

Longitudinal research

A

Research design that follows the same individuals over time

72
Q

Cross-sequential research

A

Hybrid research design that includes cross-sectional and longitudinal research; cohort-sequential research or time-sequential research

73
Q

Correlation

A

Exists between two variables if one variable is more or less likely to occur when the other does

74
Q

Quantitative research

A

Research that provides data expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales

75
Q

Qualitative research

A

Research that considers individual qualities instead of quantities

76
Q

Gamete

A

Reproductive cell, ovum or sperm

77
Q

How many chromosomes does a gamete contain?

A

23 chromosomes

78
Q

Zygote

A

Single-cell formed from the union of two gametes

79
Q

How many chromosomes does a zygote contain?

A

46 chromosomes

80
Q

Genome

A

Full set of genes that are instructions to make an individual member of a certain species

81
Q

Allele

A

Variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics

82
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression - enhancing, halting, shaping, or altering the expression of genes

83
Q

Genotype

A

An organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential

84
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of a person, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits

85
Q

Microbiome

A

All the microbes with all their genes in a community

86
Q

Additive

A

Effects of genes and alleles add up to influence phenotype

87
Q

Carrier

A

A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype

88
Q

Dominant traits

A

Overrules recessive trait

89
Q

Recessive traits

A

Both alleles must be present for trait to be seen

90
Q

X-linked

A

Gene carried on the X chromosome

91
Q

Germinal period

A

Conception-2 weeks, characterized by rapid cell division and beginning of cell differentiation

92
Q

Embryonic period

A

3-8 weeks, basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs, develop

93
Q

Fetal period

A

9 weeks-birth, gains about 7 pounds and organs become more mature, gradually able to function on own

94
Q

Implantation

A

Embedding into the nurturing line of the uterus

95
Q

Embryo

A

Name for developing human organism from about the 3rd week through the 8th week after conception

96
Q

Primitive streak

A

Thin line in the middle of cell mass that appears after 14 days and forms the neural tube at 22 days

97
Q

What does the neural tube become?

A

Central nervous system

98
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

“Head-to-tail”

99
Q

Proximodistal

A

“Near-to-far”

100
Q

Fetus

A

Name for developing human organism from the start of the 9th week after conception until birth

101
Q

Age of viability

A

Age in which a fetus may survive outside the mother’s uterus if specialized medical care is available (22 weeks)

102
Q

Down syndrome

A

47 chromosomes, 3 at 21st site

103
Q

Trisomy

A

Entire chromosome added, usually 3 at one site instead of 2

104
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

Genetic disorder in which part of the X chromosome is attached to the rest of it by a very thin string of molecules, over 200 repetitions on one stretch of one gene

105
Q

Differentiation

A

During the germinal period of prenatal development, some cells become part of the brain, some become part of the leg, and some become part of the stomach, etc.

106
Q

Teratogen

A

Agent or condition, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death

107
Q

Threshold effect

A

Teratogens are virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level, then cross threshold and harm the fetus

108
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Cluster of birth defects, including abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, and reduced intellectual ability, that may occur in a fetus of a woman who drinks alcohol while pregnant

109
Q

Low birthweight

A

Less than 2500 grams (5.5 pounds)

110
Q

Very low birthweight

A

Less than 1500 grams (3 pounds 5 oz)

111
Q

Extremely low birthweight

A

Less than 1000 grams (2 pounds 3 oz)

112
Q

Preterm

A

A birth that occurs 2+ weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregnancy

113
Q

Small for gestational age

A

Term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception; small-for-dates

114
Q

Immigrant paradox

A

Low-SES immigrant women tend to have fewer birth complications than native-born peers with higher incomes

115
Q

Cesarean section

A

Surgical procedure in which the fetus is removed through incisions in the abdomen and uterus, instead of being pushed by contractions through the vagina; C section

116
Q

Apgar scale

A

A quick assessment of newborn’s health, color, breathing, heart rate, cry, and muscle tone, from 0-10

117
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

A

Test that is often administered to newborns, which measures responsiveness and records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes

118
Q

Kangaroo care

A

Newborn lies between the mother’s breasts, skin-to-skin, listening to her heartbeat and feeling her body heat

119
Q

Postpartum depression

A

Feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth; baby blues

120
Q

Couvade

A

Symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers

121
Q

How much does a 24-month-old weigh?

A

28 pounds

122
Q

Co-sleeping

A

Parents and child sleep together in the same room

123
Q

Bed-sharing

A

Parents and child sleep together in the same bed

124
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome

A

Situation in which a seemingly health infant, usually between 2-6 months, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep

125
Q

Head-sparing

A

Biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth

126
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Brain chemical that carries information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neurons

127
Q

Transient exuberance

A

Early dendrite growth

128
Q

From birth until age two, dendrites in the cortex increase how much?

A

Fivefold

129
Q

Experience-expectant

A

Brain functions that require certain basic common experiences in order to develop normally

130
Q

Example of experience-expectant growth

A

Hearing voices

131
Q

Experience-dependent growth

A

Brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant

132
Q

Example of experience-dependent growth

A

Learn language that the parents speak

133
Q

Gross motor skills

A

Deliberate actions that coordinate many parts of the body, producing large movements

134
Q

Fine motor skills

A

Small body movements

135
Q

Sensorimotor intelligence

A

The way infants think - by using their senses and motor skills - during the first period of cognitive development (first 2 years)

136
Q

How much can a baby see when born?

A

4-30 inches away

137
Q

Binocular vision

A

Coordinating both eyes to see one image; 2-4 months

138
Q

Object permanence

A

Concept that objects or people continue to exist when they are not visible

139
Q

Which skill does an infant develop last?

A

Standing up with no help

140
Q

First acquired adaptations

A

Infant mind adjusts to whatever responses the reflexes elicit; stage two

141
Q

What is the order of spoken language for an infant?

A

Reflexes, cooing, babbling, spoken words

142
Q

According to the sociocultural perspective, what is the focus of early communication for infants younger than 12 months?

A

Emotion

143
Q

Which emotion develops in an infant at the latest age?

A

Pride

144
Q

When is stranger wariness first noticeable?

A

8 months

145
Q

The new emotions that appear toward the end of a child’s second year are?

A

Pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt

146
Q

Secure attachment

A

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

147
Q

Signs of secure attachment

A

Explores freely when caregiver is available, may or may not be distressed at separation, greets caregiver positively on reunion

148
Q

Separation anxiety

A

An infant’s distress when a familiar caregiver leaves (9-14 months)

149
Q

Researchers placed a dot of rouge on babies’ noses and then had them look into a mirror. On
average, at what age did most babies touch their own noses when they saw their reflection?

A

15-24 months

150
Q

Proximal parenting tends to produce children who are?

A

Compliant

Developmental Psychology (4 decks)

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