Developmental Psychology Unit 1 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Science of human development
A
Science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time
2
Q
Scientific method
A
A way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions
3
Q
Replication
A
Repeating a study, usually using different participants
3
Q
Differential susceptibility
A
Idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences, either because of their genes or their past experiences
4
Q
Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of?
A
Nature and nurture
5
Q
Examples of nature
A
Traits, capacities, limitations
6
Q
Example of nurture
A
Health, diet, family, school, community
7
Q
Life-span perspective
A
An approach to the study of human development that includes all phases, from birth to death
8
Q
Discontinuity
A
Change can occur rapidly and dramatically
9
Q
Continuity
A
Growth can be gradual
10
Q
Critical period
A
A time when a particular development must occur, if it doesn’t as when something toxic prevents that growth, then it cannot develop later
11
Q
Sensitive period
A
A time when a particular development growth is most likely to occur, although it may still happen later
12
Q
Example of critical period
A
Development of hearing, vision
13
Q
Example of sensitive period
A
Crawling, jumping, walking
14
Q
Urie Bronfenbrenner
A
Ecological-systems approach
15
Q
Ecological systems approach
A
A perspective on human development that considers all of the influences from various contexts of development
16
Q
Microsystem
A
Each person’s immediate social contexts
17
Q
Cohort
A
People born within the same historical period who therefore move through life together, experiencing the same events, new technologies, and cultural shifts at the same ages
18
Q
Socioeconomic status
A
A person’s position in society as determined by income, occupation, education, and place of residence
19
Q
Culture
A
A system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions
20
Q
Social construction
A
An idea that is built on shared perceptions, not on objective reality
21
Q
Difference-equals-deficit error
A
A mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior
22
Q
Ethnic group
A
People whose ancestors were born in the same region, usually share a language, culture, and/or religion
23
Q
Race
A
Concept that some people are distinct from others because of physical appearance, typically skin color
24
Intersectionality
The idea that the various identities need to be combined
25
Plasticity
The idea that abilities, personality, and other human characteristics are moldable, and thus can change
26
Dynamic-systems approach
A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences
27
Developmental theory
A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations about human growth, provides a framework to interpret growth and change
28
Psychodynamic
Stress the power of a person's past experiences and emotions to shape their current thoughts and actions
29
Psychoanalytic theory
A theory that human development that contends that irrational, unconscious drives and motives underlie human behavior
30
Grand theories
Comprehensive theories that have inspired thinking about development for decades
31
Minitheories
Theories that explain some specific area of development but that are not as comprehensive as grand theories
32
Emergent theories
Relatively new comprehensive theories that bring together information from many disciplines but not yet comprehensive
33
Example of grand theory
Psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive
34
Example of emergent theory
Sociocultural, epigenetic
35
Example of continuous theories
Learning, sociocultural, epigenetic
36
Example of discontinuous theories
Psychoanalytic, cognitive
37
Oral stage
Infants erotic body part is the mouth (Birth-1)
38
Anal stage
Focus on anus in early childhood (1-3)
39
Phallic stage
Penis is the source of pride and fear for boys and the reason for sadness and envy for girls in preschool years (3-6)
40
Latency
Quiet period that ends in a 4th stage (6-11)
41
Genital stage
Focus of pleasure in puberty and adulthood is genitals
42
For Sigmund Freud, development stopped when?
After puberty
43
Id
Pleasure principle; unconscious mind
44
Ego
Reality principle; conscious mind
45
Superego
Moral principle; preconscious
46
Trust vs. mistrust
Basic needs (Birth-1)
47
Autonomy vs. shame
Self-sufficient in activities (1-3)
48
Initiative vs. guilt
Undertake adult-like activities (3-6)
49
Industry vs. inferiority
Master new skills (6-11)
50
Identity vs. role confusion
Establish identity and self (Adolescence)
51
Intimacy vs. isolation
Seek love and companionship (Adulthood)
52
Generativity vs. stagnation
Contribute to future generations (Middle-aged adulthood)
53
Integrity vs. despair
Make sense of lives (Old-aged adulthood)
54
Behaviorism
A theory of human development that studies observable actions; learning theory
55
Classical conditioning
When a living creature learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually reacting to the neutral stimulus in the same way as the meaningful stimulus
56
Operant conditioning
Learning process that reinforces or punishes behavior; instrumental conditioning
57
Reinforcement
Positive experience that follows a behavior making it more likely that the behavior will occur again
58
Albert Bandura
Social learning theory
59
Social learning theory
Theory that emphasizes the influence of other people, even without reinforcement, people learn via role models; observational learning
60
Cognitive theory
Theory of human development that focuses on how people think, thoughts shapes our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
61
Sensorimotor stage
Infants think with senses (Birth-2)
62
Pre-operational stage
Preschoolers think with language (2-7)
63
Concrete operational stage
School-age kids think with simple logic (7-11)
64
Formal operational stage
Adolescents and adults think with abstract logic (11+)
65
For Piaget, intelligence increases as humans seek cognitive
Equilibration
66
Evolutionary theory
Idea that many current human emotions and impulses are a legacy from thousands of years ago
67
Scientific observation
Watching and recording participants' behavior in a systematic and objective manner - in a natural setting, laboratory, or in searches of archival data
68
Experiment
A research method in which the researcher adds one variable and then observes the effect on another variable in order to learn if the independent variable causes change in the dependent variable
69
Survey
Research method in which information is collected from a large number of interviews, written questionnaires, or some other means
70
Cross-sectional research
Research design that compares people who differ in age but no in other important characteristics
71
Longitudinal research
Research design that follows the same individuals over time
72
Cross-sequential research
Hybrid research design that includes cross-sectional and longitudinal research; cohort-sequential research or time-sequential research
73
Correlation
Exists between two variables if one variable is more or less likely to occur when the other does
74
Quantitative research
Research that provides data expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales
75
Qualitative research
Research that considers individual qualities instead of quantities
76
Gamete
Reproductive cell, ovum or sperm
77
How many chromosomes does a gamete contain?
23 chromosomes
78
Zygote
Single-cell formed from the union of two gametes
79
How many chromosomes does a zygote contain?
46 chromosomes
80
Genome
Full set of genes that are instructions to make an individual member of a certain species
81
Allele
Variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics
82
Epigenetics
Study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression - enhancing, halting, shaping, or altering the expression of genes
83
Genotype
An organism's entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential
84
Phenotype
Observable characteristics of a person, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits
85
Microbiome
All the microbes with all their genes in a community
86
Additive
Effects of genes and alleles add up to influence phenotype
87
Carrier
A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype
88
Dominant traits
Overrules recessive trait
89
Recessive traits
Both alleles must be present for trait to be seen
90
X-linked
Gene carried on the X chromosome
91
Germinal period
Conception-2 weeks, characterized by rapid cell division and beginning of cell differentiation
92
Embryonic period
3-8 weeks, basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs, develop
93
Fetal period
9 weeks-birth, gains about 7 pounds and organs become more mature, gradually able to function on own
94
Implantation
Embedding into the nurturing line of the uterus
95
Embryo
Name for developing human organism from about the 3rd week through the 8th week after conception
96
Primitive streak
Thin line in the middle of cell mass that appears after 14 days and forms the neural tube at 22 days
97
What does the neural tube become?
Central nervous system
98
Cephalocaudal
"Head-to-tail"
99
Proximodistal
"Near-to-far"
100
Fetus
Name for developing human organism from the start of the 9th week after conception until birth
101
Age of viability
Age in which a fetus may survive outside the mother's uterus if specialized medical care is available (22 weeks)
102
Down syndrome
47 chromosomes, 3 at 21st site
103
Trisomy
Entire chromosome added, usually 3 at one site instead of 2
104
Fragile X syndrome
Genetic disorder in which part of the X chromosome is attached to the rest of it by a very thin string of molecules, over 200 repetitions on one stretch of one gene
105
Differentiation
During the germinal period of prenatal development, some cells become part of the brain, some become part of the leg, and some become part of the stomach, etc.
106
Teratogen
Agent or condition, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death
107
Threshold effect
Teratogens are virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level, then cross threshold and harm the fetus
108
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Cluster of birth defects, including abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, and reduced intellectual ability, that may occur in a fetus of a woman who drinks alcohol while pregnant
109
Low birthweight
Less than 2500 grams (5.5 pounds)
110
Very low birthweight
Less than 1500 grams (3 pounds 5 oz)
111
Extremely low birthweight
Less than 1000 grams (2 pounds 3 oz)
112
Preterm
A birth that occurs 2+ weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregnancy
113
Small for gestational age
Term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception; small-for-dates
114
Immigrant paradox
Low-SES immigrant women tend to have fewer birth complications than native-born peers with higher incomes
115
Cesarean section
Surgical procedure in which the fetus is removed through incisions in the abdomen and uterus, instead of being pushed by contractions through the vagina; C section
116
Apgar scale
A quick assessment of newborn's health, color, breathing, heart rate, cry, and muscle tone, from 0-10
117
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
Test that is often administered to newborns, which measures responsiveness and records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes
118
Kangaroo care
Newborn lies between the mother's breasts, skin-to-skin, listening to her heartbeat and feeling her body heat
119
Postpartum depression
Feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth; baby blues
120
Couvade
Symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers
121
How much does a 24-month-old weigh?
28 pounds
122
Co-sleeping
Parents and child sleep together in the same room
123
Bed-sharing
Parents and child sleep together in the same bed
124
Sudden infant death syndrome
Situation in which a seemingly health infant, usually between 2-6 months, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep
125
Head-sparing
Biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth
126
Neurotransmitter
Brain chemical that carries information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neurons
127
Transient exuberance
Early dendrite growth
128
From birth until age two, dendrites in the cortex increase how much?
Fivefold
129
Experience-expectant
Brain functions that require certain basic common experiences in order to develop normally
130
Example of experience-expectant growth
Hearing voices
131
Experience-dependent growth
Brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant
132
Example of experience-dependent growth
Learn language that the parents speak
133
Gross motor skills
Deliberate actions that coordinate many parts of the body, producing large movements
134
Fine motor skills
Small body movements
135
Sensorimotor intelligence
The way infants think - by using their senses and motor skills - during the first period of cognitive development (first 2 years)
136
How much can a baby see when born?
4-30 inches away
137
Binocular vision
Coordinating both eyes to see one image; 2-4 months
138
Object permanence
Concept that objects or people continue to exist when they are not visible
139
Which skill does an infant develop last?
Standing up with no help
140
First acquired adaptations
Infant mind adjusts to whatever responses the reflexes elicit; stage two
141
What is the order of spoken language for an infant?
Reflexes, cooing, babbling, spoken words
142
According to the sociocultural perspective, what is the focus of early communication for infants younger than 12 months?
Emotion
143
Which emotion develops in an infant at the latest age?
Pride
144
When is stranger wariness first noticeable?
8 months
145
The new emotions that appear toward the end of a child's second year are?
Pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
146
Secure attachment
A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
147
Signs of secure attachment
Explores freely when caregiver is available, may or may not be distressed at separation, greets caregiver positively on reunion
148
Separation anxiety
An infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves (9-14 months)
149
Researchers placed a dot of rouge on babies' noses and then had them look into a mirror. On
average, at what age did most babies touch their own noses when they saw their reflection?
15-24 months
150
Proximal parenting tends to produce children who are?
Compliant
