Developmental Theories

Question 1

Freud’s psychosexual developmental stages

Answer 1

Orian Answers PHones Like a God

Oral - 0-18 m
Anal - 18m - 3 yrs
Phallic- 3-6 yrs
Latency- 6-puberty
Genitals- puberty - adult

Question 2

Cognitive Perspectives

Answer 2

focuses on how our thinking or cognition develops.
2 major theorists: Vygotsky & Piaget - both focus mainly on development in childhood, both emphazied impact children have on their own development.

Question 3

Bronfenbrenner

Answer 3

Developed the Ecological Systems Model
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem

Question 4

Vygotsky

Answer 4

Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
guided participation

Question 5

Erikson’s 8 psychosocial stages of development

Answer 5

Infant 0-1 - trust/mistrust
Early childhood 2-3 - autonomy/doubt, shame
Childhood (play) 4-6 - initiative/guilt
Childhood (school)7-12 - industry/inferiority
Adolescence 13-19 -identity/role confusion
Early adulthood 19-35 -generativity/stagnation
Adulthood 35-55 -ego integrity/despair
Maturity 55+

Question 6

Trust vs mistrust

Answer 6

Infant - 0-1

Question 7

Industry vs inferiority

Answer 7

Childhood (school) 7-12

Question 8

Identity vs Role Confusion

Answer 8

Adolescence 13-19

Question 9

Sensorimotor

Answer 9

Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development

0-2 years - begin to understand object permanence, explore w senses, curious. Egocentric

Question 10

PreOperational Stage

Answer 10

Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development
2-7 years
Think of things symbolically, believes everything is living, egocentric, lots of fantasies
cannot think abstractly

Question 11

Concrete operational stage

Answer 11

Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development
7-11 - logical or operational thought begins. Can reverse an action by doing the opposite, less egocentric
Not yet able to think abstractly or hypothetically
Understands conservation

Question 12

Formal Operational stage

Answer 12

Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development
11 and over
Thinks abstractly and hypothetically, understands why ppl behave the way they do and are more compassionate.
Philosophize

Question 13

5 key issues of human development

Answer 13

Nature and nurture
Normative and Non-normative events
Continuity and discontinuity
Stability and instability 
Socio-cultural variation

Question 14

Nature and nurture

Answer 14

Nature - genetic factors

Nurture- environmental factors

Question 15

Continuity & Discontinuity

Answer 15

Continuity- idea that one continues to demonstrate consistent action/behavior throughout development

Question 16

Stability and Instability

Answer 16

Stability - when a child is progressing and maturing similar to other children his age
Instability -

Question 17

Operant conditioning

Answer 17

Skinner? - positive or negative reinforcement

Question 18

Classical Conditioning

Answer 18

Pavlov-

Question 19

Stage theories

Answer 19

Discontinuous with new developmental features emerging at each distinct stages

Question 20

Lifespan human development

Answer 20

The process of human growth and maturation from conception to death

Question 21

Psychoanalytic Theories

Answer 21

stress the importance of early life experiences in shaping personality and behaviour. demonstrates growth and maturation are organized and happen in developmental stages.
Freud -id, ego, super-ego, psychosexual
Erikson -8 stages of psychosocial theory

Question 22

Ego

Answer 22

develops around age 3, mediates between the id and superego - deals with reality

Question 23

Id

Answer 23

instinctual, often unconcious

Question 24

Super ego

Answer 24

Moral

Question 25

Oral stage

Answer 25

mouth
Age- 0-18 months
weaning from bottle or breast

Question 26

Anal stage

Answer 26

Anus
Age- 18m - 3 yrs
toilet training

Question 27

Phallic

Answer 27

Genitals
Age 3-6 yrs
Penis envy/pleasure

Question 28

Latency

Answer 28

None
6-Puberty
interacting w same sex peers - sexual dormant stage

Question 29

Genital stage

Answer 29

Genitals
Puberty to adult
establishing intimate relationships

Question 30

Evolution-based perspectives

Answer 30

Darwin’s natural selection- survival of the fittest.

Evolutionary Psychology - david buss believes evolution helps us understand physical features and how the mind works in a person. We behave and think the way we do bc we can adapt to surroundings

Ethological perspective - study animal behaviours esp. Those that promote survival. Konrad Lorenz introduced the concept of imprinting: living things are born with pre-wired features that guide survival.

Question 31

Developmental Systems Theory

Answer 31

Is a Metatheory- combines developmental theories from a range of disciplines like biology, sociology, psychology, evolution, etc.
NOT a stage theory, continuous
Has 4 basic assumptions

Question 31

4 assumptions of Developmental Systems Theory

Answer 31

1. Human development takes place throughout a person’s lifespan from birth to death.
2. Interactions with people and the way they live and experience life influences and shapes human development.
3. Human development is changes over time and looks different throughout different historical periods.
4. Typical human development is diverse. People all change and develop differently throughout their lifespan.

Question 32

Lifespan developmental psychology

Answer 32

Baltes was first to contribute to this theory based more on adult development than child development.
Lifespan development includes 6 characteristics to provide insight into how people develop through the lifespan.

Baltes was interested in how people could reach success or optimal development in adulthood.
Led him to study wisdom.

Question 33

6 characteristics of lifespan development

Answer 33

Multidirectional - young adults may return to live w parents to save money for own place

Full of gains and losses - happens at all ages - child gains height but loses nearness to ground

Contextualized- moving away from family before starting a family of their own is influenced by a cultures value for independence verses dependence in adulthood.

Historically embedded- women may achieve more in school/career than their mothers because of changes in social norms, expectations and messaging.

Plastic - a person who wasnt an athlete in highschool may become one in his 50s

Multidisciplinary- lifespan dev. Requires us to learn from multiple disciplines like psychology, genetics, and culture.

Question 34

Ecological Systems Model

Answer 34

Bronfenbrenner’s model.
We are influenced by contexts and we also influence them.

Microsystem- contains most direct influences on a childs development- home, neighborhood, church, school, daycare

Mesosystem- the relationship among Microsystems.

Exosystem- contains institutions and organizations that have indirect influences on childs development but no direct contact w the child. - school board, tv and other mass media, parents workplace,

Macrosysten- contains socio-cultural forces. - societal values, traditions that have indirect effects on all other systems influencing a childs life.

Chronosystem- the effect of the passage of time on both a childs development and the evolving complexity of the other systems influencing the child.