Unit 2 -Infancy

Question 1

Cephalocaudal growth

Answer 1

Tendency for growth and development to proceed from the head downward.

Young infants gain control over the trunk of their bodies before they gain control over their hands and fingers.

Question 2

Proximodistal growth

Answer 2

The tendency for growth and development to occur from the inside of the body outward.

Question 3

Experience-expectant process

Answer 3

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Question 4

Experience-dependent

Answer 4

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Question 5

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

Answer 5

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Question 6

Object permanence

Answer 6

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Question 7

A-not-B error

Answer 7

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Question 8

Language Aquisition Device

Answer 8

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Question 9

What is the interactionalist approach to language development?

Answer 9

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Question 10

Major milestones in hearing from birth to the first year.

Answer 10

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Question 11

Summarize the development of vision in terms of acuity, focal length and colour vision.

Answer 11

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Question 12

Western medical model

Answer 12

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Question 13

Nervous system contains two parts:

Answer 13

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

Question 14

Central nervous system

Answer 14

• the control centre of the body. It comprises thr brain and the spinal cord.
• directs mental and basic life processes

Question 15

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 15

-connects the central nervous system to the internal organs, bones, and muscles.
-carries info to and from the central nervous system
-Somatic Nervous System(sns) (vuluntary) controls voluntary muscles, conveys sensory info to the cns and sends motor messages to muscles.
-Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (involuntary)
controls involuntary basic life functions, such as heartbeat and response to stress.

Question 16

Axon

Answer 16

A nerve fibre that typically sends electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body.

Question 17

Neuron

Answer 17

A brain or nerve cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.

Question 18

Cerebral cortex

Answer 18

The uppermost part of the brain and the centre largely responsible for complex brain functions.

Question 19

The brain’s primary job in the first 2 years is to make and strengthen connections between brain cells and neurons. HOW IS A CONNECTION MADE?

Answer 19

A connection is made when the axon of one neuron sends a message- an electrical impulse- that is received by the dendrite of another neuron.

Question 20

Dendrite

Answer 20

A branching structure arising from the cell body that typically receives electrical impulses from the neighbouring neurons.

Question 21

Synapse

Answer 21

The space between neurons across which messages are sent and received.

Question 22

Myelination

Answer 22

The process in which the axon of a neuron is coated with a fatty tissue, called myelin, which serves as insulation and enhances speed of firing

Question 23

Reflex

Answer 23

The simplest and quickest neural pathway because they involve few neurons: a sensory neuron and a motor neuron.

An involuntary response to a stimulus.

Question 24

Newborn reflex

Answer 24

An inborn response to stimuli, which may disappear before the end of the first year of life.

Reflexes provide a behavioural measure of the development of the nervous system, so they’re often incorporated into newborn assessments

Question 25

The Newborn Reflexes are:

Answer 25

Plantar grasp 
Babinski (plantar response)
Moro
Palmer grasp
Rooting and sucking
Stepping or walking
Crawling
Tonic neck

Question 26

Implicit memory

Answer 26

Repetition of a behaviour, such as a leg movement to make an object move, that occurs automatically without apparent or conscious effort.
Like in Rovee-Collier’s study with the foot and the mobile.

Question 27

Explicit memory

Answer 27

Repetition of behavior that shows a clear, observable conscious effort to recall an event, such as when an infant imitates at a later time a behaviour seen earlier.

Question 28

Deferred imitation

Answer 28

The ability to imitate an action after a delay and not in the presence of a model. Appears to emerge around 6-7 months

Question 29

Habituation

Answer 29

A decreased response to a continually present stimulus over time. (Like perfume not smelling as strong after a while)

Question 30

Dishabituation

Answer 30

Increased response to a stimulus, usually because it’s new or novel.

Question 31

LAD

Answer 31

Language acquisition device
Noam Chomsky came up with this term as the way to describe An inborn theoretical structure that aids all humans to learn about the rules of language.

Question 32

Interactionist approach

Answer 32

Recognizes and emphasises the role socialization plays in language learning.

Question 33

Visual cliff

Answer 33

Used to determine the development on depth perception