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PSYC111 > Devevlopmental Psychology > Flashcards

Devevlopmental Psychology Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Universal vs Ecological

A

Universal: all humans develop on similar paths
Ecological: humans are influenced by culture, environment, etc

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2
Q

Teratogens

A

Things a fetus is exposed to by a mother in utero that has a negative influence on its development (alcohol, sickness)

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3
Q

Morning sickness

A

Symptom of pregnancy involving nausea and vomiting: is the body’s rejection of teratogens

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4
Q

Critical vs sensitive periods

A

Critical period: traits that can only be learned during a certain point in development
Sensitive: easier to be learned at that point but can be learned later

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5
Q

Post-hoc thinking

A

Believing that A causes B because A comes before B (error of thinking)

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6
Q

Stage theories

A

Theories that describe cognitive development, where you must complete one stage before moving towards the next

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7
Q

Habituation

A

Babies will direct their attention to new stimuli, and away from ones they are familiar with

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8
Q

What does a fetus react to voices in the womb?

A

Has a slower heart rate in response to mother’s voice, higher heart rate in response to others

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9
Q

What tastes do babies remember from the womb?

A

Strong tastes

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10
Q

What does a baby see in the womb?

A

Nothing

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11
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

Strict rules, which strict consequences, no exceptions

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12
Q

Permissive parenting

A

Very few/no rules, and no punishment even if it is warranted

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13
Q

Negligent parenting

A

Do not interact with children much

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14
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

There are rules but there is also understanding, and consequences are a conversation instead of strict consequences

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15
Q

What are the outcomes of authoritarian parenting?

A

Anxiety and “going crazy” after leaving home

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16
Q

What are the outcomes of permissive parenting?

A

Trouble following rules and self regulating

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17
Q

What are the outcomes of negligent parenting?

A

Poor sense of self

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18
Q

Which parenting style is the most correlated with positive outcomes?

A

Authoritative

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19
Q

What is the “strange situation”

A

An experiment about a baby, mother, and a stranger entering and leaving a toom that is used to determine attachment type

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20
Q

Secure attachment

A

Child feels safe around the parent: may or may not exhibit distress when parent leaves, but calms down when the parent returns

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21
Q

Anxious attachment

A

Child does not feel safe around the parent: exhibits distress when the parent leaves and does not calm down when the parent returns

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22
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Baby does not seem to care when the parent leaves or returns

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23
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

No clear pattern in responses to parents leaving/returning

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24
Q

What are the different types of temperament

A

Easy to warm up, slow to warm up, difficult to warm up

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25
What does a baby's vision naturally focus on
Human faces
26
Frontal lobe
Part of brain that tells you to "stop"
27
Realism to relativism
Realism: rules are rules, no reason to break them Relativism: elements of situations lead you to break rules for good reasons
28
Perscription to principle
Perspcription: understanding the letter of the law Principle: Understanding the intention behind the law
29
Outcomes to intentions
Outcomes = judging someone by the outcome of their actions Intentions = judging someone by the intent of their actions
30
Shift theories
A theory that explains how people's ideologies shift as they grow
31
What are kohlberg's 3 stages of moral development?
Preconventional: morals depend on what is punished/rewarded Conventional: morals depend on rules from authority figures Post conventional: morals are determined interally
32
Assimilation to accomadation
Assimilation: force novel stimuli/experiences to fit your current understanding of the world Accomodation: change your understanding of the world based on novel stimuli/experiences
33
What are piaget's stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
34
What is the sensorimotor phase
From 0-2 years, understanding of the world is derived from our senses (what I see is what's real)
35
What is the preoperational phase?
Age 3-7: The phase where children can understand things symbolically
36
How can you tell a child is entering preoperational
Development of object permanence (understanding that even if you can’t see an object, it is still there)
37
Concrete operational
Age 7-12: Children learn how to manipulate things around them
38
How can you tell a child is entering concrete operational
Development of conservation (understanding that changing shape does not mean the amount changes)
39
Formal operational
Age 12-adult: Understand hypotheticals and more complicated ideas
40
What are the critiques of Piaget
Underestimated children’s abilities, underestimated stage mixing, applied universality even if it was not applicable
41
What did vygotsky believe?
Cognitive development comes through social interactions
42
What are the differences in how Piaget and vygotsky view language
Piaget: language is a side effect of cognitive development Vygotsky: language is essential to cognitive development
43
Scaffolding
Vygotsky concept: older people helping children learn things
44
Private speech
The voice in your head (young children say their thoughts out loud)
45
What is theory of mind
Understanding that everyone has their own responsibilities/mental world and development past egotism
46
Egotism
Belief that everyone has the same thoughts, information and experiences as you
47
What kind of children develop theory of mind later than others
Autistic/mentally impaired children, and deaf children with hearing parents
48
What kinds of children develop theory of mind earlier than others
Children with older siblings, with more socialization, and higher socioeconomic status
49
What are 5 reflexes babies have
Rooting (stroke babies cheek, will turn head) palmar (babies grab things) sucking (suck things put in their mouth) babinski (splay toes out after stroking feet) moro (stretch limbs in reaction to falling sensation)
50
What is the difference between ceplacaudal and proximodistal control
Ceplacaudal: starts at head and moves down Proximodistal: starts in center and moves out
51
What was discovered in field et al (1986)
That babies who were touched more often gained more weight
52
Social referencing
Babies will look to their caregiver when encountering new stimuli to understand how to react
53
What is mische et al (1962-2015)
A child alone in a room can eat a marshmallow now or have 2 in five minutes, those who could wait showed more self regulation, better grades, less drug use
54
What happens in emerging adulthood
Identity exploration, instability, becoming more self focused, feeling in between, feeling lots of possibilities
55
What are the stages of Eriksons theory of development?
Year 1: trust vs mistrust Year 2-3: autonomy vs shame/doubt Year 4-5: initiative vs guilt Year 6-puberty: industry vs inferiority Adolescence: identity vs confusion Early adulthood: intimacy vs isolation Mid adulthood: generativity vs stagnation Late adulthood: integrity vs despair
56
What are 4 types of aging
Biological (how your body is functioning) Psychological (mental attitude/competence) Functional (ability to function in your societal role) Social (ability to adhere to social norms)
57
How do adherence to social norms change as one ages
Young: do not understand social norms Middle: know and follow social norms Old: do not care about social norms
58
Social emotional selectivity
Younger people consume media about the future (increased stress), older people consume emotionally satisfying media (less stress).
59
What is absent/resilient grief
Low depression pre and post death
60
What is chronic grief
Low pre death depression, long period of post death depression (typically in response to sudden/tragic deaths)
61
What is common grief
Spike in depression post death, decreases over time
62
What is depressed-improved grief
High depression pre death, less depression post death (typically due to illness)
63
What is chronic depression grief
High depression pre and post death (often in parents with children who are ill)

PSYC111 (13 decks)

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