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PSYC111 > Sensation and perception > Flashcards

Sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation vs perception

A

Sensation = sense information gathered from environment (objective)
Perception = brain processing info from senses (subjective/interpretation)

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2
Q

Transduction

A

Process of sensation to perception

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3
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

Smallest change in stimulus for you to notice it changed

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4
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Just noticeable difference is not fixed, is dependent on the amount of stimulus

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Amount of stimulus needed for just noticeable difference

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

If stimulus exists, you will say it exists. Involves stimulus intensity, noise (environment distraction), response criteria (how confident you have to be to say it exists)

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7
Q

Conservative vs liberal response criteria

A

Conservative: more likely to say no
Liberal: more likely to say yes

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8
Q

Bottom-up vs Top-down processing theories

A

Bottom up: our knowledge and understanding is built from our perception
Top-down: our knowledge and understanding influences how we perceive

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9
Q

What is the strongest human sense

A

Vision

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10
Q

What is the stimulus for vision vs source of experience of vision

A

Stimulus = light
Source of experience = color

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11
Q

How does amplitude and wavelength of light waves change vision

A

Amplitude = brightness
Wavelength = shade of color

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12
Q

Cornea

A

Part of eye that light passes through, mainly for protection

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13
Q

Pupil

A

Black/hole section of eye

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14
Q

Iris

A

Colorful part around pupil, muscle that changes pupil shape according to light intensity

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15
Q

Lens

A

Circular object behind pupil that focuses light, shape changes depending where vision focuses

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16
Q

Retina

A

Receives focused image from lens, which then is sent to the brain, light reflected onto retina activates rods and cones

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17
Q

Fovea

A

Region of retina, light projected to fovea is where you see the clearest

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18
Q

Rods

A

Provide black and white vision, night vision, detecting motion and peripheral vision

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19
Q

Cones

A

Detect color and fine detail

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20
Q

Bipolar and ganglion cells

A

Collect info from rods and cones, step 1 of transduction

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21
Q

Blind spot

A

Entrance of optic nerve

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22
Q

Sclera

A

White of eyes, mostly unique to humans, not important for vision, used for communication and telling where someone is looking

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23
Q

How many wavelengths and colors can humans recognize

A

3 wavelengths, 1 million colors

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24
Q

Why does colorblindness happen

Study These Flashcards
A

Dysfunction in the cones

25
Optic nerve
Info from retina is sent here, is a blind spot
26
Optic chiasm
Point where info is split: info from left part of visual field is sent to the right side, and vice versa
27
Optic tract
In between optic chiasm and thalamus
28
Primary visual cortex
In occipital lobe, where the actual processing of vision occurs
29
Simple vs complex vs hypercomplex cells
Types of neurons in primary visual cortex that respond to visual information Simple: simplistic orientation information Complex: simplistic orientation information and movement info Hypercomplex: multiple forms of orientation
30
Ventral stream
"what" pathway: tells your brain what you're looking at (occipital to temporal lobe)
31
Dorsal stream
"where/how" pathway: tells your brain where object is located in environment (occipital to parietal lobe)
32
Illusory conjunction
Separate features can be blended together, causing you to see things that don't exist. Happens when briefly shown an image/attention is split between two images
33
Are depth cues more sensation or perception related
Perception
34
Binocular cues
Requires both eyes. The larger the difference between the images shown in left/right eye are, the closer an object is to you
35
Monocular cues
Only requires one eye Familiar size: when we are familiar with an object, we use it to determine distance by change in size Linear perspective: parallel lines converge as they move farther from you Texture gradient: closer things are, the clearer their textures are Interposition: Closer objects are in front of farther objects Relative height: Close objects are usually at the bottom of our visual field, far objects at the top
36
Vision gestalt grouping
Simplicity: we interpret images in the simplest/easiest way we can process w/ our eyes Our brains create closure and continuity when they are not there Our brains group together objects based on similarity, proximity, and common fate (objects that move together)
37
How do amplitude and frequency change sound waves
Higher frequency = higher pitch Higher amplitude = louder sound
38
What are the three parts of the ear
Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
39
What are the parts of the outer ear
Pinna: fleshy part, shaped to catch sound waves Auditory canal: sound waves bounce here Eardrum/tympanic membrane: vibrates based on how sound waves hit it
40
What are the parts of the middle ear
Ossicles: sit against eardrum and vibrate as it vibrates. made up of hammer, anvil and stirrups. bones pass vibration onto each other
41
What are the parts of the inner ear
Cochlea: makes up most of inner ear, filled with fluid Basilar membrane: equivalent of the retina, when fluid in cochlea moves, basilar membrane moves Hair cells: receptor neurons for hearing Auditory nerve: sends info from hair cells to brain Semicircular canals: determines balance based on how cochlea fluid is positioned
42
Place theory
High frequency sounds peak near cochlea base, low frequency sounds peak near the apex
43
Temporal/frequency theory
We process sounds based on frequency of firing of hair cells
44
Sound gestalt grouping
Location: sounds coming from the same place are grouped Temporal: sounds that start/end at the same time are grouped
45
Localization
Determining where sound comes from. Uses your pinna: location determined by which ear receives info first
46
What are the two types of hearing loss
Sensorineural: Hearing loss happens in inner ear, issue with hair cells, common in hearing loss due to age. hearing aid does not help Conduction: Hearing loss happens in middle ear, oscilles do not vibrate enough. hearing aid helps
47
Plastic
Ability of somatosensory cortex to change amount of neurons allocated to a certain body part
48
Phantom limb pain
The false sensation of touch on a lost limb
49
Where does pain come from
A-DELTA FIBERS: fast, sharp, shooting pain. has a myelin sheath for fast transportation C FIBERS: dull, throbbing pain
50
Referred pain
Outer and inner body parts are connected on somatosensory cortex: Inner pain can be felt as outer pain
51
Haptic perception
Understanding the world via touch (how babies understand the world)
52
Kinesthesia
Understanding of how your body is positioned
53
What senses are chemical senses and why
Touch and smell because they involve receptors
54
What is the only sense directly connected to the forebrain
Smell
55
Olfactory receptors
In your nose, determine how we sense smells. Humans have 350, and can smell 1 trillion smells
56
Papillae
Taste buds: each has hundreds of taste receptor neurons, are very quick to be replenished, we lose most of our taste buds by age 20
57
What are the five primary taste sensations
Salty: associated w/ sodium Sweet: associated w/ fruits Sour: associated w/ acidic foods Bitter: associated w/ vegetables Umami: associated w/ meat
58
Synesthesia
Combination/joined sensation of the senses

PSYC111 (13 decks)

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