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Individual and Society > Deviance & Crime > Flashcards

Deviance & Crime Flashcards

1
Q

What is a deviance? /5

A

A violation of social norms

Linked to time

Linked to culture

Situational

Related to social power

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2
Q

What is a crime? /3

A

Violation of norms that have been written into law

A social construct

Varies across countries and time

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3
Q

What is the consensus model of crime? /2

A

People see behaviour they do not like

Make a law against it

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4
Q

What is conflict model of a crime?

A

Powerful people make laws to protect their own interests

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5
Q

How do you measure crime in Canada? /3

A

Uniform crime reporting survey

General social survey - victimization

Crime severity index

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6
Q

What is uniform crime reporting survey?

A

Official police statistics of a reported crime

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7
Q

What is a general social survey - victimization?

A

20 000 Canadians over 15 surveyed

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8
Q

What is crime severity index?

A

More serious crimes assigned a higher weight

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9
Q

What are the theories founded on deviance and crime? /3

A

Rational choice theory

Biological positivism

Psychological positivism

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10
Q

What is rational choice theory?

A

People consider the costs and benefits of a crime

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11
Q

What is biological positivism? /2

A

Physical traits or conditions

Some people are “born deviants”

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12
Q

What is psychological positivism? /3

A

Psychological/personality disorders

Usually a result of poor socialization by parents

Insanity defence/ not criminally responsible due to mental disorder

Ex/ twinkies, Dan White

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13
Q

What is the strain theory? /2

A

Crime is a result of frustration and anger

Merton;s five social adaptations

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14
Q

What are Merton’s five social adaptations? /5

A

Conformists

Innovators

Ritualists

Retreatists

Rebels

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15
Q

What is a conformist? /2

A

Embrace the goals

Use legitimate means to attain them

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16
Q

What are innovators? /2

A

Accept goals

BUT look for alternative means

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17
Q

What are ritualists?

A

“Go through the motions” of attaining goals

18
Q

What is a retreatist?

A

Reject both goals and means of attaining them

19
Q

What is a rebel?

A

Substitute alternative goals and means

20
Q

How does functionalism view crime and deviance? /3

A

Responding to deviance clarifies boundaries

Responding to deviance promotes social unity

Deviance encourages social and cultural change

21
Q

How does the conflict theory view crime and deviance? /2

A

Deviance relates to degrees of power and privilege in a society

Crimes (and punishments) reflect the interests of those with power and privilege

22
Q

What is differential association theory? /2

A

Deviance is learned

Social process theory

23
Q

What is labelling theory? /4

A

Deviants are labelled by others]

Primary deviance is the initial act of rule-breaking

Secondary deviance occurs when th peers on is labelled as deviant

Social process theory

24
Q

What is social control theory? /3

A

Formal social control

Informal social control

Sanctions

25
Q

What is formal social control? /4

A

Laws

Officials

Institutional policies

Police

26
Q

What is informal social control? /3

A

Friends

Family

Media

27
Q

What is a sanction? /3

A

Measures used to encourage conformity

Positive = rewards for desirable behaviour (an award)

Negative = punishments for undesirable behaviour (a ticket)

28
Q

How the feminist theory view crime and deviance? /3

A

Focus on what causes males to commit crimes

Gender difference in crime are a result of difference in power and control

Concern with female victimization

29
Q

What are the different forms of punishment? /5

A

Retribution

Incapacitation

Deterrence

Rehabilitation

Restoration

30
Q

What is retribution?

A

An eye for an eye

31
Q

What is incapacitation?

A

Protects society

32
Q

What is deterrence? /3

A

An example for others

General = consequences applied to others

Specific = consequences experienced first-hand

33
Q

What is rehabilitation?

A

Reform offenders

34
Q

What is restoration?

A

Criminal makes amends

35
Q

What is a sentencing circle?

A

Composed of community members, the victims, and the offender

36
Q

What are the goals of a sentencing circle? /6

A

Promote the healing for all affected parties

Provide an opportunity for the offender to make amends

Empower the victims, community members, families, and offenders by giving voice and a shared responsibility in funding constructive resolutions

Address the underlying causes of criminal behaviour

Build a sense of community and its capacity for resolving conflict

Promote and share community values

37
Q

What is a stigma?

A

mark of disgrace associated with a particular status, quality or person

38
Q

What is shaming?

A

deliberate effort to attach a negative meaning to a behaviour

39
Q

What is stigmatized shaming?

A

assigning a permanent label to an offender

40
Q

What is reintegrative shaming?

A

an effort to bring an offender back into a community after punishment

Individual and Society (12 decks)

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