DevPsy Shaffer: -H

Question 1

a large-scale preschool educational program
designed to provide children from low-income families
with a variety of social and intellectual experiences that
might better prepare them for school.

Answer 1

Head Start

Question 2

a decrease in one’s response to a stimulus
that has become familiar through repetition.

Answer 2

habituation

Question 3

adult–child interactions in which
children’s cognitions and modes of thinking are shaped
as they participate with or observe adults engaged in
culturally relevant activities.

Answer 3

guided participation

Question 4

the pituitary hormone that stimulates the rapid growth and development of body cells; primarily responsible for the adolescent growth spurt.

Answer 4

growth hormone (GH)

Question 5

prefixes, suffixes, prepositions,
and auxiliary verbs that modify the meaning of words
and sentences.

Answer 5

grammatical morphemes

Question 6

nerve cells that nourish neurons and encase them in
insulating sheaths of myelin.

Answer 6

glia

Question 7

a fuzzy representation of information that preserves
the central content but few precise details.

Answer 7

gist

Question 8

the possession of unusually high intellectual
potential or other special talents.

Answer 8

giftedness

Question 9

a procedure, not yet perfected
or approved for use with humans, in which harmful
genes would be repaired or replaced with healthy ones,
thereby permanently correcting a genetic defect.

Answer 9

germline gene therapy

Question 10

the genetic endowment that an individual inherits.

Answer 10

genotype

Question 11

a sexually transmitted disease that can infect infants during birth, causing blindness, brain
damage, or even death.

Answer 11

genital herpes

Question 12

the notion that group differences in
IQ are hereditary.

Answer 12

genetic hypothesis

Question 13

the experimental study of the development of knowledge, developed by Piaget.

Answer 13

genetic epistemology

Question 14

a service designed to inform prospec
tive parents about genetic diseases and to help them
determine the likelihood that they would transmit such
disorders to their children.

Answer 14

genetic counseling

Question 15

hereditary blueprints for development that are
transmitted unchanged from generation to generation.

Answer 15

genes

Question 16

the process by which a child becomes aware of his or her gender and acquires motives, values, and behaviors considered appropriate for members of that sex.

Answer 16

gender typing

Question 17

the stage of gender identity in which the child recognizes that gender is stable over time.

Answer 17

gender stability

Question 18

children’s tendency to associate with
same-sex playmates and to think of the other sex as an
out-group.

Answer 18

gender segregation:

Question 19

organized sets of beliefs and expectations about males and females that guide information
processing.

Answer 19

gender schemas

Question 20

a behavior, value, or motive that members of a society consider more typical or appropriate for members of one sex.

Answer 20

gender-role standard

Question 21

a magnification of sex differences early in adolescence; associated with increased pressure to conform to traditional gender roles.

Answer 21

gender intensification

Question 22

one’s awareness of one’s gender and its
implications.

Answer 22

gender identity

Question 23

the stage of gender identity in which the child recognizes that a person’s gender is invariant despite changes in the person’s activities or appearance (also known as gender constancy).

Answer 23

gender consistency

Question 24

a person’s social and cultural identity as male or
female.

Answer 24

gender

Question 25

Spearman’s abbreviation for neogenesis, which, roughly translated, means one’s ability to understand relations (or general mental ability).

Answer 25

g

Question 26

a theory proposed by Brainerd and Reyna that postulates that people encode experiences on a continuum from literal, verbatim traces to fuzzy, gistlike traces.

Answer 26

fuzzy-trace theory

Question 27

a recollection that is not prompted by specific cues or prompts.

Answer 27

free recall

Question 28

morphemes that can stand alone as a word (e.g., cat, go, yellow).

Answer 28

free morphemes

Question 29

abnormality of the X chromosome caused by a defective gene and associated with mild to severe mental retardation, particularly when the defective gene is passed from mother to child.

Answer 29

fragile-X syndrome

Question 30

Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development, from age 11 or 12 and beyond, when the individual begins to think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events.

Answer 30

formal operations

Question 31

A B-complex vitamin that helps to prevent defects of the central nervous system.

Answer 31

folic acid

Question 32

the systematic increase in IQ scores observed over the 20th century.

Answer 32

Flynn effect

Question 33

the ability to perceive relationships and solve relational problems of the type that are not taught and are relatively free of cultural influences.

Answer 33

fluid intelligence

Question 34

the period of the birth process last ing from the first regular uterine contractions until the cervix is fully dilated.

Answer 34

first stage of labor

Question 35

an experiment that takes place in a naturalistic setting such as home, school, or a playground

Answer 35

field experiment

Question 36

name given to the prenatal organism from the 9th week of pregnancy until birth.

Answer 36

fetus

Question 37

a group of serious con genital problems commonly observed in the offspring of mothers who abuse alcohol during pregnancy.

Answer 37

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 38

a group of mild congenital problems that are sometimes observed in children of mothers who drink sparingly to moderately during pregnancy.

Answer 38

fetal alcohol effects (FAE)

Question 39

the theory that empathy may promote altruism by causing one to reflect on altruistic norms and thus to feel some obligation to help distressed others.

Answer 39

“felt-responsibility” hypothesis

Question 40

the process of acquiring a word after hearing it applied to its referent on a small number of occasions.

Answer 40

fast mapping

Question 41

the complex network of relationships, interactions, and patterns of influence that characterize a family with three or more members.

Answer 41

family social system

Question 42

Conger’s model of how economic distress affects family dynamics and developmental outcomes.

Answer 42

family distress model

Question 43

two or more persons, related by birth, marriage, adoption, or choice, who have emotional ties and responsibilities to each other.

Answer 43

family

Question 44

acting in ways that do not reflect one’s true self or the “true me.”

Answer 44

false self-behavior

Question 45

a type of task used in theory-of-mind studies, in which the child must infer that another person does not possess knowledge that he or she possesses (that is, that the other person holds a belief that is false).

Answer 45

false-belief task

Question 46

a statistical procedure for identifying clusters of tests or test items (called factors) that are highly correlated with one another and unrelated to other test items.

Answer 46

factor analysis

Question 47

a more mature self-representation, emerg ing between ages 3½ and 5 years, in which children are able to integrate past, current, and unknown fu ture self-representations into a notion of a “self” that endures over time.

Answer 47

extended self

Question 48

a group of blood relatives from more than one nuclear family (for example, grandparents, aunts, uncles, nieces, and nephews) who live together, forming a household.

Answer 48

extended family

Question 49

an early linguistic style in which toddlers use language mainly to call attention to their own and others’ feelings and to regulate social interactions.

Answer 49

expressive style

Question 50

a social prescription, usually directed toward females, that one should be cooperative, kind, nurturant, and sensitive to the needs of others.

Answer 50

expressive role