DevPsy Shaffer: P-R

Question 1

a disease that has little effect
on a pregnant woman but may cause a number of
serious birth defects in developing organisms who are
exposed in the first 3 to 4 months of pregnancy.

Answer 1

rubella (German measles)

Question 2

the ability to assume another person’s perspective and understand his or her thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors.

Answer 2

role taking

Question 3

a blood protein that, when present in a fetus
but not the mother, can cause the mother to produce
antibodies. These antibodies may then attack the red
blood cells of subsequent fetuses who have the protein
in their blood.

Answer 3

RH factor

Question 4

the ability to reverse, or negate, an action by
mentally performing the opposite action (negation).

Answer 4

reversibility

Question 5

a class of strategies aimed at getting information
out of the long-term store.

Answer 5

retrieval

Question 6

aggressive acts elicited by real
or imagined provocations.

Answer 6

retaliatory aggression

Question 7

an insecure infant–caregiver
bond, characterized by strong separation protest
and a tendency of the child to remain near but resist
contact initiated by the caregiver, particularly after a
separation.

Answer 7

resistant attachment

Question 8

the knowledge that an
entity can stand for (represent) something other
than itself.

Answer 8

representational insight:

Question 9

the extent to which a measuring instrument
yields consistent results, both over time (temporal) and
across observers (interrater).

Answer 9

reliability

Question 10

feelings of self-esteem within a particular relationship context (such as with parents,
with male classmates); may differ across relationship
contexts.

Answer 10

relational self-worth

Question 11

the hypothesis that ana
logical reasoning is available in infancy.

Answer 11

relational primacy hypothesis

Question 12

acts such as snubbing, exclusion,
withdrawing acceptance, or spreading rumors that are
aimed at damaging an adversary’s self-esteem, friend
ships, or social status.

Answer 12

relational aggression

Question 13

children who are disliked by many peers and liked by few.

Answer 13

rejected children

Question 14

a strategy for remembering that involves repeating the items one is trying to retain.

Answer 14

rehearsal

Question 15

the first substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor
stage; infants’ actions are confined to exercising innate
reflexes, assimilating new objects into these reflexive
schemes, and accommodating their reflexes to these
novel objects.

Answer 15

reflex activity

Question 16

an early linguistic style in which toddlers
use language mainly to label objects.

Answer 16

referential style

Question 17

abilities to generate
clear verbal messages, to recognize when others’ mes
sages are unclear, and to clarify any unclear messages
one transmits or receives.

Answer 17

referential communication skills

Question 18

a less powerful gene that is not expressed
phenotypically when paired with a dominant allele.

Answer 18

recessive allele

Question 19

that which the individual comprehends when listening to others’ speech.

Answer 19

receptive language

Question 20

responses to a child’s ungrammatical utterance
that are nonrepetitive statements that are grammatically correct.

Answer 20

recasts

Question 21

a particular type of problem solving that involves making inferences.

Answer 21

reasoning

Question 22

children who display high levels of
hostile, retaliatory aggression because they overat
tribute hostile intents to others and can’t control their
anger long enough to seek nonaggressive solutions to
social problems.

Answer 22

reactive aggressors

Question 23

the idea that genotype sets
limits on the range of possible phenotypes that a person
might display in response to different environments.
reactive aggressors: children who display high levels of

Answer 23

range-of-reaction principle

Question 24

a control technique in which
participants are assigned to experimental conditions
through an unbiased procedure so that the members
of the groups are not systematically different from one
another.

Answer 24

random assignment

Question 25

an incremental change in degree without sudden transformations; for example, some view the small yearly increases in height and weight that 2- to 11-year-olds display as quantitative developmental changes.

Answer 25

quantitative change

Question 26

a change in kind that make individu als fundamentally different than they were before; the transformation of a prelinguistic infant into a language user is viewed by many as a qualitative change in communication skills.

Answer 26

qualitative change

Question 27

the point at which a person reaches sexual maturity and is physically capable of fathering or conceiving a child.

Answer 27

puberty

Question 28

methods that measure the relationships between physiological processes and aspects of children’s physical, cognitive, social, or emotional behavior/ development.

Answer 28

psychophysiological methods

Question 29

a theoretical perspective that portrays intelligence as a trait (or set of traits) on which individuals differ; psychometric theorists are responsible for the development of standardized intelligence tests.

Answer 29

psychometric approach

Question 30

attempts to regulate a child’s or an adolescent’s conduct by such psychological tactics as withholding affection and/or inducing shame or guilt.

Answer 30

psychological control

Question 31

the tendency to base one’s impressions of others on the stable traits these individuals are presumed to have.

Answer 31

psychological constructs phase

Question 32

the tendency to form impressions of others by comparing and contrasting these individuals on abstract psychological dimensions.

Answer 32

psychological comparisons phase

Question 33

those who study the structure and development of children’s language

Answer 33

psycholinguists

Question 34

a perspective on nature/nurture interactions specifying that some early experiences affect the organization of the brain, which in turn, influences one’s responsiveness to similar experiences in the future.

Answer 34

psychobiosocial model:

Question 35

a sequence of physical maturation and growth that proceeds from the center of the body (the proximal region) to the extremities (distal regions).

Answer 35

proximodistal development

Question 36

restless, hot-tempered, and oppositional children who are victimized because they often irritate their peers

Answer 36

provocative victims (of aggression)

Question 37

the right of research participants to be protected from physical or psychological harm.

Answer 37

protection from harm

Question 38

the thinking that people display when deciding whether to help, share with, or comfort others when these actions could prove costly to themselves.

Answer 38

prosocial moral reasoning

Question 39

any action that is intended to benefit other people, such as sharing with someone less fortunate, comforting or rescuing someone, cooperation, or simply making others feel good by complimenting them.

Answer 39

prosocial behavior

Question 40

sensory information from the muscles, tendons, and joints that helps one to locate the position of one’s body (or body parts) in space.

Answer 40

proprioceptive feedback

Question 41

a strategy whereby parents guide or scaffold an adolescent’s deci sion making (rather than imposing a solution or ceding control), thereby allowing him or her to experience a sense of self- determination when resolving personal issues.

Answer 41

promotion of volitional functioning (PVF)

Question 42

that which the individual is capable of expressing (producing) in his or her own speech.

Answer 42

productive language

Question 43

a failure to spontaneously generate and use known strategies that could improve learning and memory.

Answer 43

production deficiency

Question 44

praise of effort expended to formulate good ideas and effective problem-solving strategies; this praise fosters learning goals in achievement contexts.

Answer 44

process-oriented praise

Question 45

cognitive biases or tendencies that lead infants and toddlers to favor certain interpretations of the meaning of new words over other interpretations.

Answer 45

processing constraints

Question 46

highly aggressive children who find aggressive acts easy to perform and who rely heavily on aggression as a means of solving social problems or achieving other personal objectives.

Answer 46

proactive aggressors

Question 47

Vygotsky’s term for the subset of a child’s verbal utterances that serve a self-communicative function and guide the child’s thinking.

Answer 47

private speech

Question 48

seven mental abilities, identified by factor analysis, that Thurstone believed to represent the structure of intelligence.

Answer 48

primary mental abilities

Question 49

the second substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage; a pleasurable response, centered on the infant’s own body, that is discovered by chance and performed over and over.

Answer 49

primary circular reactions

Question 50

infants born more than 3 weeks before their normal due dates.

Answer 50

preterm babies