DevPsy Shaffer: P Flashcards
(48 cards)
an early self-representation in which 2- and 3-year-olds recognize current representations of self but are unaware that past self-representations or self-relevant events have implications for the present.
present self
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, lasting from about age 2 to age 7, when children are thinking at a symbolic level but are not yet using cognitive operations.
preoperational period
development that occurs between
the moment of conception and the beginning of the
birth process.
prenatal development
in Piaget’s theory, the first 5 years of
life, when children are said to have little respect for or
awareness of socially defined rules.
premoral period
the period before children utter their first meaningful words.
prelinguistic phase
a method used to gain information about infants’ perceptual abilities by presenting two (or more) stimuli and observing which stimulus the infant prefers.
preference method
Kohlberg’s term for the first
two stages of moral reasoning, in which moral judgments are based on the tangible punitive consequences
(Stage 1) or rewarding consequences (Stage 2) of an act for the actor rather than on the relationship of that act
to society’s rules and customs.
preconventional morality
an attribute that is a product
of evolution and serves some function that increases
the chances of survival for the individual and the
species.
preadapted characteristic
principles that underlie the effective and ap
propriate use of language in social contexts.
pragmatics
changes in participants’ natural responses
as a result of repeated testing.
practice effect
a form of discipline in which an adult
relies on his or her superior power (for example, by
administering spankings or withholding privileges) to
modify or control a child’s behavior.
power assertion
strong feelings of sadness,
resentment, and despair that may appear shortly after
childbirth and can linger for months.
postpartum depression
Kohlberg’s term for the fifth
and sixth stages of moral reasoning, in which moral
judgments are based on social contracts and democratic
law (Stage 5) or on universal principles of ethics and
justice (Stage 6).
postconventional morality
a social construction by children, with popu
lar children being well-known and accepted by other
(especially popular) children, and having high-status
attributes such as attractiveness, athleticism, and desirable possessions.
popularity
children who are liked by many members of their peer group and disliked by
very few.
popular children
a characteristic that is influenced by the action of many genes rather than a single
pair.
polygenic trait
capacity for change; a developmental state that
has the potential to be shaped by experience.
plasticity
an organ, formed from the lining of the uterus
and the chorion, that provides for respiration and
nourishment of the unborn child and the elimination
of its metabolic wastes.
placenta
a “master gland” located at the base of the
brain that regulates the endocrine glands and produces
growth hormone.
pituitary
a grasp in which the thumb is used in oppo
sition to the fingers, enabling an infant to become more
dexterous at lifting and fondling objects.
pincer grasp
a structurally simple communication system that
arises when people who share no common language
come into constant contact.
pidgin
moderate to vigorous play activities such as running, jumping, climbing, play fighting, or game playing that raise a child’s metabolic rate far above resting levels.
physically active play
development over evolutionary time.
phylogenetic development
the sound system of a language and the rules
for combining these sounds to produce meaningful
units of speech.
phonology
