Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

kin 132 > DI > Flashcards

DI Flashcards

1
Q

pancreatic secretion - enzymes

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

trypsin, chymotrypsin

A

splits peptide bonds in proteins to peptide fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

carboxypeptidase

A

splits terminal amino acid from carboxyl end of protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

splits 2 fatty acids from triglycerides to free fatty acids and monoglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

splits polysaccharides to maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

protein enzymes (secreted inactive)

A

with activation in duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

trypsinogen

A

coverted to trypsin activated by enterokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chymotrypsinogen

A

converted to chymotrypsin activated by trypsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

procarboxypeptidase

A

converted to carboxypeptidase activated by trypsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bacterial flora

A

“micriobiome”

  • convert some undigested cellulose/fiber to short chain fatty acids
  • produce small amounts of vitamin K and B complex
  • ferment some undigested carbs to gases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

haustral churning

A

segmentation like process in the large intestion

  • mechanical digestion
  • contraction of smooth muscles causes segmentation
  • local control based on distension of haustra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

defacation

A
  • rectum usually empty
  • mechanoreceptors detect rectal wall distension
  • send signal to medulla oblongata and spinal centres
  • rectum contracts, internal anal sphincter relaxes (smooth muscle)
  • external anal sphincter contracts intially (skeletal muscle)
  • once pressure reached in rectum, external anal sphincter relaxes and feces expelled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

neural
short reflexes

A

Intrinsic control
Stimuli to receptors -> nerve plexuses-> effector cells all within GI tract (enteric ns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Long reflexes
extrinsic control

A

neural paths extend outside GI tract up to and back from CNS via afferent neurons and efferent nerves
-back to nerve plexuses via ANS ( sympathetic and parasympathetic )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

secretin, gastrin, CCK

A

main enteroendocrine cells scattered throughout epithelium of stomach

  • hormonal gastrointestinal regulation
  • Can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on target
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

one surface exposed to lumen of GI tract for stimuli of cell encountered

  • when stimulated, opposite surface from GI tract lumen releases hormone into blood
  • travel in blood to generate response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cephalic phase

A
  • initial phase beginning digestive processes
  • sensory signals sent to salivary centre in medulla oblongata -> increase salivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic produce salivation
Not antagonistic

A

sympathetic triggered by stress and dehydration (smaller volume, thick saliva, rich in mucus (dry mouth))
parasympathetic provides basic amount to keep mouth and throat moist, abundant watery saliva rich in enzymes when stimulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mouth chemical digestion

A

salivation-saliva production
-salivary glands release into mouth via ducts
99% water : rinses away bacteria dissloves molecules for taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mucus

A

lurbicates food, mouth, pharynx to facilitate bolus swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bicarbonate

A

neutralizes acids in foods (mouth slightly acidic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lyzsozyme

A

kills bacteria and prevents bacterial growth in mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

enzymes salivary amylase lingual lipase

A

salivary amylase breaks down polysacharides to monosacharides

-wants slightly acidic environement

lingual lipase breaks down tryglicerides to maltose

-wants highly acidic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

limited absorption in mouth

A

some vitamins, minerals, electrolytes and drugs

25
Q

mechanical digestion

A

chewing : skeletal muscles plus activity of tongue, lips, cheeks

voluntary and involuntary aspects

(rhythmic jaw movements involuntary)

  • triggered by pressure food against mouth
  • goals :
  • more surface area exposed (breakdown)
  • mixing with chemical digestion added in mouth
  • forming bolus to swallow
26
Q

deglutition (swallowing)

A

3 stages

highly complex

coordinated activity involving 22 muscle groups

8 sec food 1 -2 sec for liquids

27
Q

1st stage of deglutition

A

buccal stage or voluntary stage

  • in mouth
  • bolus pushed into oral pharynx by tongue
28
Q

2nd stage

A

pharyngeal stage

  • in pharynx
  • involuntary
  • oral pharynx mechanoreceptors send signals to swallowing centre in medulla oblongata when bolus present
  • swallowing centre sends signals :
  • structure move to blocking positions (uvula, tongue, epiglottis)
  • stop breathing briefly
  • upper esophageal spincter relaxes : bolus enter esophagus
29
Q

once in esophagus

A

everything goes back to normal (blocking positions, breathing resumes)

-upper esophageal sphincter contracts; blocking backflow

30
Q

3rd stage

A

esophageal stage

  • involuntary
  • peristalsis (muscle contraction)

circular muscles contract above bolus

longitudinal muscles contract along esophagus to push bolus down to stomach

-lower esophageal sphincter relaxes; bolus enters stomach

31
Q

when bolus in stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter contracts (prevent regurgitation)

32
Q

GERD : gatrointestinal reflux disease

A

when acid comes back up into esophagus

33
Q

antacids

A

neutralize acid already secreted

34
Q

acid blockers

A

before to prevent acid secretion

35
Q

alcohol, smoking

A

relax lower esophageal sphincter

36
Q

mixing waves / peristalsis

in stomach

A
  • series of muscle contractions
  • stronger contractions in antrum minimal in fundus (fundus continuation mouth chemical digestion)
  • propulsion : mix with food
  • retropulsion : intense contractions backward motion of food in stomach
  • pacemaker cells set basic wave
  • BOLUS BROKEN DOWN TO CHYME
37
Q

gastric emptying

A
  • 2-4 hours to get out of stomach
  • small amount per wave into deodenum
38
Q

limited absorption in stomach

A

some alcohol, aspirin, drugs

39
Q

stomach -gastric gland

cell types

A

mucous cells : secrete mucous and bicarbonate

exocrine cells

-cheif cells : secrete pepsinogen

-parietal cells : secrete HCL hydrochloric acid

-enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL) : secrete histamine

Enteroendocrine cells : release into bloodstream

G cells : secrete gastrin

D cells : secrete somatostatin

40
Q

HCL

A

activates pepsinogen to pepsin

  • increase activity of lingual lipase and inactivates salivary amylase
  • denatures proteins
  • kills some pathogens
41
Q

pepsinogen

A

secreted inactive to doesnt digest cells forming it (activated in stomach lumen)

  • once activated to pepsin by HCL, breaks proteins into peptide fragments,
  • most active in highly acidic environment
42
Q

mucus and bicarbonate

A

secreted by mucous cells

-help form protective barrier for epithelium against HCL

43
Q

small intestine

A

many thing still not at an absorbable size when they arrive

90% nutrient absorbtion

  • large surface area because of circular folds, villi, microvilli to maximize absorption
  • 3-6 hours for digestion and absorption

secretes intestinal juice :

water, mucous, few enzymes

many needed substances needed to continue digestion coming from accessory structure like liver, gallbladder and pancreas (released into duodenum via ducts)

44
Q

intenstinal phase of gastrointestinal regulation

A

receptors in duodenum monitor stimuli (acids, fats)

  • trigger short and long reflexes
  • neural paths (enterogastric reflex)
  • hormonal path releases enterogastrones (secretin and cck)
  • ultimate event is decreased gastric emptying
  • neural path (sympathetic) can constrict pyloric sphincter (decrease gastric emptying)
  • trying to match gastric emptying to small intestine digestion
  • overload duodenum leads to “dumpring syndrome”
45
Q

other influences on gastric emptying

A

inhibiting gastric emptying : sadness,fear, body pain, high exercise

stimulating gastric emptying : anger, aggresion, moderate exercise intesity

46
Q

liver

A

metabolic and regulatory roles

  • bile production and release
  • bile salts (little bicarbonate)
47
Q

gallbladder

A

bile storage and release

48
Q

pancreas

A

pancreatic juice secretion :

exocrine cells : acinar cells (digestive enzymes)

epithelial cells: duct cells (bicarbonate)

enteroendocrine cells : hormones (insulin, glucagon)

49
Q

bile

A

contains bicarbonate, cholesterol, bile pigments, phospholipids, organic wastes, bile salts

50
Q

bicarbonate sources

A

pancreas : pancreatic juice

liver : bile (small amount)

51
Q

enterokinase

A

attached to wall of intestine, is a brush border enzyme

-activates trypsinogen to trypsin

52
Q

duct cells

A

release bicarbonate

53
Q

acinar cells

A

release enzymes

54
Q

small intestine - mechanical digestion

A

contributiuons from liver, gallbladder, pancreas with stomach chyme propelling to large intestine

-segmentation

55
Q

segmentation

A

areas of contraction (where food is present)

areas of relaxation along length of small intestine

contraction breaks food down in a backward and forward motion and brings in contact with absorptive surfaces

more active in prox small intest than distal

  • parasympathetic (neural path) and gastrin (hormonal path) can increase
  • sympathetic (neural path) can decrease
56
Q

migrating myoelectric complex (MMC)

A

after a meal mostly absorbed segmentation stops and this replaces

begins in antrum of stomach

  • in steps
  • peristaltic wave short dist
  • 2 hours to reach large intestine
  • returns to start and restarts as long as food present
57
Q

ileocecal valce

A

valce from ileum to large intestine

-mostly closed, relaxation needed to enter large intest

58
Q

gastroileal reflex (neural path)

A

triggered by food and mixing waves in stomach

  • signals ileum to increase peristalsis in ileum and relaxes ileocecal valve
  • gastrin (hormonal path) also relaxes ileocecal valve
59
Q

haustral churning

A

contractions of smooth muscles producing segmentation like motion

in large intestine

kin 132 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions