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DI Flashcards

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1
Q

pancreatic secretion - enzymes

A
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2
Q

trypsin, chymotrypsin

A

splits peptide bonds in proteins to peptide fragments

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3
Q

carboxypeptidase

A

splits terminal amino acid from carboxyl end of protein

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4
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

splits 2 fatty acids from triglycerides to free fatty acids and monoglycerides

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5
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

splits polysaccharides to maltose

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6
Q

protein enzymes (secreted inactive)

A

with activation in duodenum

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7
Q

trypsinogen

A

coverted to trypsin activated by enterokinase

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8
Q

chymotrypsinogen

A

converted to chymotrypsin activated by trypsin

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9
Q

procarboxypeptidase

A

converted to carboxypeptidase activated by trypsin

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10
Q

bacterial flora

A

“micriobiome”

  • convert some undigested cellulose/fiber to short chain fatty acids
  • produce small amounts of vitamin K and B complex
  • ferment some undigested carbs to gases
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11
Q

haustral churning

A

segmentation like process in the large intestion

  • mechanical digestion
  • contraction of smooth muscles causes segmentation
  • local control based on distension of haustra
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12
Q

defacation

A
  • rectum usually empty
  • mechanoreceptors detect rectal wall distension
  • send signal to medulla oblongata and spinal centres
  • rectum contracts, internal anal sphincter relaxes (smooth muscle)
  • external anal sphincter contracts intially (skeletal muscle)
  • once pressure reached in rectum, external anal sphincter relaxes and feces expelled
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13
Q

neural
short reflexes

A

Intrinsic control
Stimuli to receptors -> nerve plexuses-> effector cells all within GI tract (enteric ns)

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14
Q

Long reflexes
extrinsic control

A

neural paths extend outside GI tract up to and back from CNS via afferent neurons and efferent nerves
-back to nerve plexuses via ANS ( sympathetic and parasympathetic )

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15
Q

secretin, gastrin, CCK

A

main enteroendocrine cells scattered throughout epithelium of stomach

  • hormonal gastrointestinal regulation
  • Can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on target
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16
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

one surface exposed to lumen of GI tract for stimuli of cell encountered

  • when stimulated, opposite surface from GI tract lumen releases hormone into blood
  • travel in blood to generate response
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17
Q

cephalic phase

A
  • initial phase beginning digestive processes
  • sensory signals sent to salivary centre in medulla oblongata -> increase salivation
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18
Q

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic produce salivation
Not antagonistic

A

sympathetic triggered by stress and dehydration (smaller volume, thick saliva, rich in mucus (dry mouth))
parasympathetic provides basic amount to keep mouth and throat moist, abundant watery saliva rich in enzymes when stimulated

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19
Q

mouth chemical digestion

A

salivation-saliva production
-salivary glands release into mouth via ducts
99% water : rinses away bacteria dissloves molecules for taste

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20
Q

mucus

A

lurbicates food, mouth, pharynx to facilitate bolus swallowing

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21
Q

bicarbonate

A

neutralizes acids in foods (mouth slightly acidic)

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22
Q

lyzsozyme

A

kills bacteria and prevents bacterial growth in mouth

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23
Q

enzymes salivary amylase lingual lipase

A

salivary amylase breaks down polysacharides to monosacharides

-wants slightly acidic environement

lingual lipase breaks down tryglicerides to maltose

-wants highly acidic environment

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24
Q

limited absorption in mouth

Study These Flashcards
A

some vitamins, minerals, electrolytes and drugs

25
mechanical digestion
chewing : skeletal muscles plus activity of tongue, lips, cheeks voluntary and involuntary aspects (rhythmic jaw movements involuntary) - triggered by pressure food against mouth - goals : - more surface area exposed (breakdown) - mixing with chemical digestion added in mouth - forming bolus to swallow
26
deglutition (swallowing)
3 stages highly complex coordinated activity involving 22 muscle groups 8 sec food 1 -2 sec for liquids
27
1st stage of deglutition
buccal stage or voluntary stage - in mouth - bolus pushed into oral pharynx by tongue
28
2nd stage
pharyngeal stage - in pharynx - involuntary - oral pharynx mechanoreceptors send signals to swallowing centre in medulla oblongata when bolus present - swallowing centre sends signals : - structure move to blocking positions (uvula, tongue, epiglottis) - stop breathing briefly - upper esophageal spincter relaxes : bolus enter esophagus
29
once in esophagus
everything goes back to normal (blocking positions, breathing resumes) -upper esophageal sphincter contracts; blocking backflow
30
3rd stage
esophageal stage - involuntary - peristalsis (muscle contraction) circular muscles contract above bolus longitudinal muscles contract along esophagus to push bolus down to stomach -lower esophageal sphincter relaxes; bolus enters stomach
31
when bolus in stomach
lower esophageal sphincter contracts (prevent regurgitation)
32
GERD : gatrointestinal reflux disease
when acid comes back up into esophagus
33
antacids
neutralize acid already secreted
34
acid blockers
before to prevent acid secretion
35
alcohol, smoking
relax lower esophageal sphincter
36
mixing waves / peristalsis in stomach
- series of muscle contractions - stronger contractions in antrum minimal in fundus (fundus continuation mouth chemical digestion) - propulsion : mix with food - retropulsion : intense contractions backward motion of food in stomach - pacemaker cells set basic wave - BOLUS BROKEN DOWN TO CHYME
37
gastric emptying
- 2-4 hours to get out of stomach - small amount per wave into deodenum
38
limited absorption in stomach
some alcohol, aspirin, drugs
39
stomach -gastric gland cell types
**mucous cells** : secrete mucous and bicarbonate _exocrine cells_ **-cheif cells** : secrete pepsinogen **-parietal cells** : secrete HCL hydrochloric acid **-enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL**) : secrete histamine _Enteroendocrine cells : release into bloodstream_ **G cells** : secrete gastrin **D cells** : secrete somatostatin
40
HCL
activates pepsinogen to pepsin - increase activity of lingual lipase and inactivates salivary amylase - denatures proteins - kills some pathogens
41
pepsinogen
secreted inactive to doesnt digest cells forming it (activated in stomach lumen) - once activated to pepsin by HCL, breaks proteins into peptide fragments, - most active in highly acidic environment
42
mucus and bicarbonate
secreted by mucous cells -help form protective barrier for epithelium against HCL
43
small intestine
many thing still not at an absorbable size when they arrive 90% nutrient absorbtion - large surface area because of circular folds, villi, microvilli to maximize absorption - 3-6 hours for digestion and absorption secretes intestinal juice : water, mucous, few enzymes many needed substances needed to continue digestion coming from accessory structure like liver, gallbladder and pancreas (released into duodenum via ducts)
44
intenstinal phase of gastrointestinal regulation
receptors in duodenum monitor stimuli (acids, fats) - trigger short and long reflexes - neural paths (enterogastric reflex) - hormonal path releases enterogastrones (secretin and cck) - ultimate event is decreased gastric emptying - neural path (sympathetic) can constrict pyloric sphincter (decrease gastric emptying) - trying to match gastric emptying to small intestine digestion - overload duodenum leads to “dumpring syndrome”
45
other influences on gastric emptying
inhibiting gastric emptying : sadness,fear, body pain, high exercise stimulating gastric emptying : anger, aggresion, moderate exercise intesity
46
liver
metabolic and regulatory roles - bile production and release - bile salts (little bicarbonate)
47
gallbladder
bile storage and release
48
pancreas
pancreatic juice secretion : **exocrine cells** : _acinar cells_ (digestive enzymes) **epithelial cells**: duct cells (bicarbonate) **enteroendocrine cells** : hormones (insulin, glucagon)
49
bile
contains bicarbonate, cholesterol, bile pigments, phospholipids, organic wastes, bile salts
50
bicarbonate sources
pancreas : pancreatic juice liver : bile (small amount)
51
enterokinase
attached to wall of intestine, is a brush border enzyme -activates trypsinogen to trypsin
52
duct cells
release bicarbonate
53
acinar cells
release enzymes
54
small intestine - mechanical digestion
contributiuons from liver, gallbladder, pancreas with stomach chyme propelling to large intestine -segmentation
55
segmentation
areas of contraction (where food is present) areas of relaxation along length of small intestine contraction breaks food down in a backward and forward motion and brings in contact with absorptive surfaces more active in prox small intest than distal - parasympathetic (neural path) and gastrin (hormonal path) can increase - sympathetic (neural path) can decrease
56
migrating myoelectric complex (MMC)
after a meal mostly absorbed segmentation stops and this replaces begins in antrum of stomach - in steps - peristaltic wave short dist - 2 hours to reach large intestine - returns to start and restarts as long as food present
57
ileocecal valce
valce from ileum to large intestine -mostly closed, relaxation needed to enter large intest
58
gastroileal reflex (neural path)
triggered by food and mixing waves in stomach - signals ileum to increase peristalsis in ileum and relaxes ileocecal valve - gastrin (hormonal path) also relaxes ileocecal valve
59
haustral churning
contractions of smooth muscles producing segmentation like motion in large intestine

kin 132 (13 decks)

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