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resp system 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

pontine respiratory group

A

In Pons
sending input to DRG
Helps to accomodate : exercising, speakings

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2
Q

mechanoreceptors

A
  • found in joints and muscles (proprioceptors); respond to changes in body movement (rest-exercise/ quiet breathing - more forceful)
  • send input signal to DRG; help recruit VRG
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3
Q

slowly adapting receptors -Hering Breuer reflex

A
  • found in smooth muscle surrounding airways; respond to changes in lung volume
  • terminates inspiratory neurons in DRG if large volume breathes
  • protective function : preventing over expansion of lungs
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4
Q

rapidly adapting receptors

A

found in larger airway epithelium; respond to noxious gases, cold air, inhaled particles

  • “irritant receptors” triggering airway narrowing, mucus production and coughing
  • protective function : limit irritants getting to lungs
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5
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

carotid sinus and aortic arch

-respond to changes in arterial blood

stimulated by :

  • decreased arterial PO2
  • increased metabolic acidosis generating arterial H+
  • increased arterial PCO2 generating arterial H+
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6
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

medulla oblongata (IN CNS)

-respond to changes in brain extracellular or Cerebrospinal fluid

stimulated by:

-increased brain PCO2 generating brain H+

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7
Q

temporarily stop breathing under voluntary control

A

= Apnea

  • increase CO2 to critical level = involuntary breathing starts
  • decrease oxygen to critical level = unconsciousness, breathing should resume
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8
Q

voluntary actions

A

come from cerebral or motor cortex of brain

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9
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath

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10
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort

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11
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount of air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort

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12
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

-keeps alveoli inflated between breaths and mixes with fresh air on next inspiration

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13
Q

vital capacity

A

amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration

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14
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

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15
Q

functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration

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16
Q

total lung capacity

A

maximum amount of air lungs can contain

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17
Q

forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

volume of air expired forcefully after maximum inspiration

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18
Q

forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)

A

volume of air expired forcefully in the 1st scond of FVC

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19
Q

FEV1/ FVC

A

percentage of total FVC expired in 1st second

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20
Q

obstructive lung disease

A

hard to exhale all the air in lungs

-low FEV percentage

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21
Q

restrictive lung disease

A

difficulty fully inspiring air into lungs

-higher FEV percentage or same as in normal

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22
Q

ventilation

A

combine tidal volume (depth of breathing) and breathing frequency (rate of breathing)

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23
Q

during increased breathing (exercise)

Study These Flashcards
A

tidal volume increases (depth)

inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume get smaller

residual volume remains the same

vital capacity remains the same

24
Q

hyperpnea

Study These Flashcards
A

increased ventilation in response to metabolic needs of exercise

changes : pre-exercising (resting)/ anticipatory increase/ exercise rapid increase/ exercise gradual increase/ exercise steady state/ recovery rapid decrease/ recovery slow decrease/ post-exercising (resting)

25
changes of **hyperpnea** driven by different factors at different stages
**-neural changes** **-physical changes** **-chemical changes**
26
**minute ventilation (V e)**
total amount of air flowing into or out of lungs per unit time (ml/min or L/min) V e = V t x f f: respiratory rate or breathing frequency (BPM) Vt : tidal volume (mL/breath) Vd: dead space (mL/breath) Dot over equation : its a rate, volume unit per time
27
Vd Dead Space (ml/breath)
_Where Gas exchange does not take place_ _anatomical : respiratory vs conducting_ _alvolar : dead alveoli_ **first tidal volume (ml) x frequency (BPM)** **physiological dead space : alveolar + anatomical**
28
effective ventilation alveolar/minute (%)
minute ventilation/ alveolar ventilation
29
daltons law
total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is sum of pressure exerted independently by each gas in a mixture -**overall pressure is the sum total of all the partial pressures**
30
partial pressure of a gas
Pg= Patm X Fg partial pressure of gas = atmospheric pressure X fraction of the gas in mixture
31
hypobaric
decreased pressure environment -decresed ambient PO2
32
Hypoxemia
low oxygen in blood -(blood is emminent)
33
hypoxia
low oxygen in tissues
34
adjustments for decreased pressure environment (hypobaric)
**hyperventilation** -→ trying to bring in more oxygen plasma volume decreased, increased HCT (hematocrit) = where there is **erythrocytes;** carry **large amounts of oxygen**
35
long term acclimatization
erythropoetin from kidneys stimulates **eryhrocyte** production - increased HCT, HB in blood - i**nduced polycythemia**
36
external respiration
total alveolar-capillary surface area very large and very thin walled (tissue paper) - rapid exchange of **large quantities of oxygen and carbon dioxide** by **diffusion** - pressure gradient between alveoli and lung capillaries **-02** moving from **alveoli** to **lung capillaries** because of pressure gradient **-C02** moving from **lung capillaries** to **alveoli** because of pressure gradient -must look at individual gases in air for movement
37
**factors affecting diffusion**
1. **partial pressure gradient of gas** **2. Fick's law of diffusion** → rate of diffusion of gas depends on : _-surface area_ _-thickness of membrane gas is diffusing through_ _-diffusion coefficient of particular gas_ **diffusion coefficient** : gas in particular fluid; bigger coefficient means more/quicker diffusion
38
ventilation-perfusing matching
**ventilation** : _air flow into alveoli_ **perfusion** : _blood flow into pulmonary capillaries_ ventilation-perfusion inequality will lead to trying to compensate -never completely balanced if bad air flow into area : vasoconstriction to lead blood flow away from area If bad blood flow to area: bronchonostriction (constriction of bronchioles) diverting air flow from that area
39
internal respiration
same as external respiration but pressure gradients are reversed -Between **tissue capillaries** and **tissue cells**
40
factors effecting diffusion in internal respiration
same as external respiration -**part pressure gradient of the gas** **-ficks law of diffusion** →rate of diffusion of a gas depends on **-surface area** **-thickness of membrane gas is diffusing through** **-diffusion coefficient of particular gas**
41
arteriovenous oxygen difference (A-V O2 difference)
- difference between oxygen going into capillary bed and oxygen coming out of capillary bed - difference is the amount delivered to **working tissue** - more oxygen taken out in capillary bed with exercise to supply working muscles so bigger a-v 02 difference
42
henrys law
- at constant temperature amount of **gas** that is **dissolved in a liquid** is directly proportional to the **partial pressure of that gas** above the liquid - cannot dissolve enough oxygen ad carbon dioxide to meet gas transport needs - amount dissolved also dependant on **solubility** (CO2 20x more soluble than O2)
43
gas transport vs gas exchange
need **loading** for g**as transport (LGT)** need unloading for gas exchange - only dissolved gas can participate in gas exchange - do this by manipulating affinity
44
affinity
tightness of binding - low affinity= unloading - high affinity = loading
45
oxygen hemoglobin binding
- each Hb can maximally bind four O2 molecules - saturation : how much oxygen is binded - lets go of oxygen :dissolved oxygen hemoglobin : 4 heme proteins and iron in middle (hemes bind to oxygens)
46
oxygen transport
1. 5% dissolves in plasma 98. 5% oxygen binds to hb and makes **_oxyhemoglobin (HbO2_)** **INSIDE ERYTHROCYTE**
47
oxygen - hemoglobin dissociation curve
- **increased _partial pressure of oxygen_** causes more to **bind to Hb (loading)** - **decreasing _partial pressure of oxygen_** causes **less to bind to HB (unloading)** - not a linear relationship plateau : loading portion (safety margin) little decrease in saturation if P02 decreases steep portion : unloading portion. small change in oxygen can give large decrease in saturation we want high Hb saturation for gas transport (loading) we want low Hb saturation for gas exchange (unloading)
48
systemic venous value
can change with exercise. trained person will have lower value. can release more oxygen for hemoglobin
49
in exercise what happens in regards to arteriovenous oxygen difference
bigger arteriovenous oxygen difference which means more oxygen gets taken by capillaries to get brought to working muscles and tissues (unloading)
50
effects on oxygen saturation
**Right shift** : caused by **high acidity,** **high CO2, or high temperature** -**decreased affinity (unloading)** Left Shift : caused by low acidity, low CO2 or low temperature -increased affinity (loading)
51
exercise increased acidity (lactic acid) creates what
that means an increased in acid which causes a right shift of oxygen saturation. this means that more oxygen is available for muscles because there is more **unloading;** oxygen made available for muscles
52
carbon dioxide transport
7% CO2 _dissolved in plasma_ **_23%_** carbon dioxide binds to Hb and forms **carbaminoHemoglobin (HbCO2)** inside erythrocyte **_70%**_ carbon dioxide converted to _**bicarbonate (HCO3)_** inside erythrocyte - Bicarbonate **then moves out of cell** and dissolved in plasma - **chloride moves into** erythrocyte when bicarbonate moves out into plasma to keep negative charge balanced (chloride shift)
53
Carbon monoxide affinity, and relationship with Oxygen in terms of binding to Hb
**Carbon monoxide** reduces the amount of O2 that combines with **hemoglobin** in pulmonary capillaries by competing for these binding sites -CO changes shape of Hb an results in tighter binding of O2 (left shift) When CO binds it forms carboxyhemoglobin
54
Bohr effect
How **Co2 and H+** affect the affinity of **hemoglobin** for **oxygen** **-high Co2 and H+ concentrations cause decrease in HB affinity for oxygen (unloading)** -vice versa in active muscles, carbon dioxide and H+ levels are high oxygentated blood that flows past is affected by these conditions and the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased, allowing oxygen to be unloaded and transferred to the working tissues Hb is now available to bind carbon dioxide and H+ for gas transport
55
Haldare effect
describes how _oxygen_ affects the _affinity of hemoglobin_ for _carbon dioxide_ - **high oxygen concentrations** cause **decreases in HB affinity** for **carbon dioxide (unloading)** - low oxygen concentration causes increases in HB affinity for carbon dioxide (loading) - in pulmonary capilaries, when hemoglobin loaded with carbon dioxide is exposed to high oxygen levels coming from alveoli, hemoglobins affinity for carbon dioxide decreases. CO2 lets go of hemoglobin and can move into alveoli by external respiration Hb is now available to bind oxygen for gas transport
56
both
processes work together cause shape change in hemoglobin to exert their full effect

kin 132 (13 decks)

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