diabetes Flashcards
Obj: Describe the differences between the major forms of diabetes
Type 1 diabetes: caused by a relative insulin deficiency after the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells of the pancreas (which makes insulin); autoimmune response liikey genetic and environmental; can occur at any age
Type 2: related to lifestyle habits that promote insulin resistance and inflammation that lead to hyperglycemia, such as sedentary lifestyle, excess caloric intake, and nutritional deficiencies; insulin resistance= inability of insulin to effectly to promote glucose uptake into cells to lower blood glucose levels; combined with relative loss of beta cells = unable to produce enough insulin to overcome relative state of insulin resistance and leads to elevation in blood glucose; some may have genetic components that can turn on due to lifestyle
Gestational diabetes mellitus:
occurs in pregnancy and may recwuire taking insulin along with dietary changes and exercises ; large 9 lb babies result
Prediabetes: technically not a type of diabetes but is a state of relative insulin resistance, with a limited ability to store excess carbs
Q: Discuss the risk factors and complications associated with prediabetes and the major types of diabetes
having prediabets greatly increases risk of developing type 2 diabetes and there ares ome health complications
even without the prediabetes, having excess body fat, being physically inactive, and poor diet can all lead to insulin resistance
Obj: identify the diagnostic criteria for prediabetes and the major types of diabetes?
Type A1C fasting glucose oral test
T1 6.5 % + >=126 mg/dL 2hr value
>=200 mg/dL
T2 6.5% + same values
Gestatioal — >=92 mg/dL 1 hr
>= 180mg/dL
or 2 hr >=153 mg/dl
prediabetes 5.7- 6.4% 100-125 mg/dL 2 hr
140-199mg/Dl
quick note: A1c readings indicate the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months
Obj: describe treatment strategies for diabetes , including common meds for glycemic control?
Oral medications:
most popular is metaformin (targets the liver to reduce blood glucose production overnight and after meals and it increases insulin action)
Sulfonylureas like amaryl and glyburide stimulate the pancreas to create more insulin if possible
Thiazolidinedione class like actos and Avandia sensitize fat and muscle cells to insulin
SGLT2 inhibitors acts on kidneys to cause some blood glucose to be excreted in Urine
Non-insulin injected meds (help weight loss)
Insulin
all with type 1 and many with type 2 need insulin to be injected, pumped or inhaled
basal bolus regimen ( covers non food related day long insulin need- covers increases in blood glucose due to meals and snacks)
Obj: explain how lifestyle management and self-care strategies ( ex: physical activity, dietary practices, and stress management) impact the prevention and management of prediabetes and the major types of diabetes
Physical activity recommendations for people with diabetes:
Aerobic:
usual movement like walk, ccle, swim…
mod-vigours intesnity
at least 150 min/wk, if person is fit 75 min of vgours activity ok
3-7 days/ without more than 2 days missed
to increase fitness, should focus on doingharder exercise and or intervals
resistance:
mod-vig intensity
at least 8-10 exercises, 1-3 sets, 10-15 repetition per set
at least 2-3 days/wk, one day off inbetween
increase resistance, lower repetitions to 8-10
balance:
light-mod
any duration
2-3/wk daily is ok
anyone over 40 should do balance training for longer and more often
Flexibility
stretch to point of discomfort (not pain)
10-3- seconds, repeat 2-4 times/strech
2-3 days/wk
Q: how much money is spent annually on lost productivity of people diagnosed with diabetes?
176 billion
69 billion
110 billion
245 billion
$69 billion
Q: which of the following should a healthcare provider take into consideration when choosing what diagnostic test to use when testing a patient for diabetes?
Ethnicity
family history
gender
whether its prediabetes or diabetes
Family history
Losing what percentage of body weight may prevent or delay the onset of diabetes?
5-7%
Q: when should a health coach refer a client with diabetes to a healthcare professional?
a. when increasing either physical activity intensity or duration by more than 10%
b. when a new emotional complication has arisen
c. when the client requests resources on a healthy diet
d. when a barrier to physical activity has occurred
b. when a new emotional complication has arisen
Q: what is the issue with insulin for a client with diabetes?
The pancreas does not release enough insulin or the cells are resistant to insulin
…………………………………
Q: what is the most common complication associated with diabetes?
peripheral neuropathy (causes loss of sensation in feet, undectetd ulcers and lower limb amputations)
……………………….
other complications may include CVD, vision problems, or kidney disease
How does the body normally react to blood glucose levels when it rises?
normally after food gets digested it gets broken down (glucose from carbs and is primary fuel).
When blood glucose rises above normal levels, the pancreas senses the increase and releases the hormone Insulin from its beta cells to lower it; insulin binds to its receptors on muscle and fat cells (storage units for excess glucose in form of glycogen)
Q: what is the percentage of people with diabetes who have elevated depressive symptoms and depressive disorders?
40%
20%
25%
33%
25%
………….
symtoms of depression can impact self-care behaviors that make it difficult to manage blood glucose
Q: which type of diabetes is caused by the body’s immune system attacking and destroying the beta cells which produce insulin?
Type 1 diabetes
Q: what is the percentage of body weight an individual with overweight or obesity needs to lose to reverse insulin resistance?
5-7%
