Diabetes Flashcards
(14 cards)
Type 1 Diabetes
- Your body attacks the cells in your pancreas = body can’t produce insulin
- management = taking insulin, balancing diet with insulin doses and being active
Type 2 Diabetes
- Your body is unable to make enough insulin/insulin produce doesn’t work properly
- management = activity, eating healthy
Symptoms of Diabetes
- Going to the toilet a lot
- increased thirst
- increased tiredness
- genital itching/thrush
- cuts and wounds take longer to heal
- blurred eyesight
- increased hunger
Normal Homeostasis of Blood Glucose Levels - HyPERglycaemic
- rising blood glucose levels
- beta cells of the pancreas are stimulated to release insulin into the blood
- causes the liver and body cells to take in glucose (liver stores and glycogen)
- blood glucose levels decrease and stimulus for insulin production diminishes
Normal Homeostasis of Blood Glucose Levels - HyPOglycaemic
- falling blood glucose levels
- alpha cells of the pancreas are stimulated to release glucagon into the blood
- causes the liver to breakdown glycogen and release glucose into the blood
- blood glucose levels increase and stimulus for glucagon production diminishes
Blood Sugar Ranges
Normal = 4.0 to 6.0 mmol/L (72 to 108 mg/dL) (can go up to 7.8mmol/L // 140mg/dL 2hrs after eating)
Diabetic = 4.0 to 7.0 mmol/L
- type 1 = 5.0 to 9.0 mmol/L 90 mins after meals
- type 2 = < 8.5 mmol/L 90 mins after eating
- ^ NICE guidelines
Response to Exercise
Normal = body co-ordinates hormonal and metabolic events to ensure homeostasis
Diabetics = insulin/hormonal responses don’t respond in the normal manner so the balance between peripheral glucose and hepatic glucose production could be disturbed
Exercise
- Exercise increases insulin sensitivity
- Muscle movement = >glucose uptake by muscle cells and <lower blood glucose levels
- exercise = increase in glucose uptake and reduced blood glucose levels that persist for 24hrs
Management of Type 2 Diabetes
- insulin or oral agents (can cause hypoglycaemia with exercise)
- nutritional plan
- regular exercise
Exercise and Hypoglycaemia
- risk for pts taking insulin/oral meds for hyperglycaemia
-be aware of hypoglycaemia warning signs - treating the hypoglycaemia: eating/drinking 15-20g of fast-acting carbohydrates
Signs of Hypoglycaemia
- feeling shaky/tearful
- feeling confused
- sweating
- anxious/irritable
- pale
- palpations/fast pulse
- tingly lips
- blurred vision
- hungry
- tiredness
- headache
- lack concentration
- night sweats
Exercise Prescription
contraindications:
- retinal haemorrhage
- illness/infection
- blood glucose >13.8 mmol/L (+ketones present)
- blood glucose < 3.9 mmol/L
Precautions:
- readily available source of carbohydrate
- consume adequate fluids before, during and after exercise
- good foot care
- carry medical ID
Metformin
- Used to prevent hyperglycaemia
- inhibits the liver from releasing too much glucose
- helps the body use insulin more effectively = lowers blood sugar more effectively
American Diabetes Association Guidelines
- 150 mins mod intensity exercise per week
- aerobic exercise - improves CV health and glucose control
- resistance training - improves insulin sensitivity and muscle mass
