Diabetic Renal Disease Flashcards
(36 cards)
What defines Diabetes in a patient?
- Fasting Blood Glucose greater than 126 mg/dL
* Random Blood Glucose greater than 200 mg/dL and confirmed on more than 1 occasion
T or F: Diabetes is the biggest cause of Chronic Kidney Failure.
True
Who is at the greatest risk of experiencing kidney failure as a result of diabetes?
Anyone who’s not Caucasian
Minorities with diabetes have a greater challenge in preventing kidney disease, since African Americans, Hispanics, and American Indians experience higher rates of kidney disease than Caucasians.
40% of new cases of chronic kidney disease may be attributed to Diabetes
What are the 3 types of complications that result from diabetes?
- Metabolic
- Macrovascular
- Microvascular
What are the diabetic microvascular complications?
Diabetic Microvascular complications
• Diabetic Nephropathy
• Diabetic Neuropathy
•Diabetic Retinopathy (including Diabetic Macular Edema)
Note: Retinopathy and Nephropathy = close tie in type I
What are the diabetic macrovascular complications?
Diabetic Macrovascular complications
• Coronary artery disease – most common reason for extremity amputation
•Cerebrovascular disease
•Peripheral vascular disease
What is the overall risk of a diabetic developing a neuropathy?
• how do the two types differ?
30-40% chance of any give diabetic developing Nephropathy
83% of TYPE II diabetics with 1st degree relatives who experienced nephropathy also wound up with a nephropahy compared to 13% of TYPE I diabetics
What is the VERY FIRST abnormality detected in diabetic nephropathy? Lab value? specimen?
•Followed by?
*First overall sign of pathology is THICKENING of the basement membrane
1st. = MICROALBUMINEMIA => overt proteinuria => Reduced GFR => HYPERTENSION
How do you make the Clinical Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy?
- Microalbuminemia - Must be measure using 24 hr. collection or with ratio to creatinine
- Retinopathy may also indicate that there are issues with the small vessels
What defines microalbuminuria?
30-300 mg/day excretion of albumin
What functional and structural changes occur during the progression of Diabetic Nephropathy?
Functional:
• Increase in GFR
• Reversible Albuminuria
• Increase in Kidney Size
Structural:
• Increase in Basement membrane Thickness
• Mesengial Expansion
What characteristics define stage 0 (onset of diabetes) through stage 2 of diabetic nephropathy?
• when do they occur?
Stage 0 = Kidney Enlargement
Year 2 = Stage 1 = HYPERFILTRATION with INCREASED GFR (2cm inc. in kidney size)
Year 5 = Stage 2 = MICROALBUMINEMIA and possibly HTN
What characteristics define stage 3 through stage 5 diabetic nephropathy?
• when do they occur?
Year 11-23 = stage 3 = ALBUMINUREA
Year 13-25 = Stage 4 = ADVANCED CLINICAL NEPHROPATHY - GFR below 75 ml/min
Year 15-27 = Stage 5 = END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE - GFR below 10 ml/min (require dialysis or transplantation)
T or F: by controlling glucose you can control the rate at which Diabetic Nephropathy progresses
True
T or F: Diabetic nephropathy is the biggest single for people to reach end stage renal disease and conversely end stage renal disease is the leading cause of death in diabetic nephropathy.
FALSE, ONLY a small percentage of diabetic patients live long enough to reach end stage renal disease.
Why is there increased filtration (hyperfiltration) in diabetic nephropathy?
• when does this occur?
HYPERFILTRATION:
• results from high glucose concentration in the blood leading to increased filtered load TOO MUCH IS FILTERED INTO THE PROXIMAL TUBULE TO ALL BE REABSORBED BY GSLT1/2 so it remains in the nephron as an osmotically active agent
• Macula Densa detect low Chloride and secrete Renin to increase filtration by allowing Angiotensin II to act on the Efferent arteriole
Besides contributing to Glomerular Hyperfiltration, what other deleterious does Angiotensin II have?
Angiotensin II leads to RELEASE of TGF-ß
What makes the angiotensin II mediated release of TGF-ß so detrimental?
TGF-ß causes SCARING i.e. increased MATRIX, FIBROBLASTS, and TUBULOEPITHELIAL CELLS
TGF-ß also acts as a Metalloprotease inhibitor
What causes the thickening of the glomerular basement membrane in diabetic nephropathy?
- Non-enzymatic Glycosylation leads to CROSSLINKED AGEs (advanced glycosylation end products) which lead to COLLAGEN synthesis
- Angiotensin II (activated in hyperfiltration process) also acts DIRECTLY to stimulate TGF-ß production which PROMOTES Scaring and Matrix deposition while Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs)
What tissues are affected by angiotensin II stimulation of TGF-ß in the glomerulus?
- Tubuloepithelial Hypertrophy
- Mesangial Proliferation
- Glomerular Scarring
Via stimulation of Collagen Deposition and MMP inhibition
At what stage of diabetic nephropathy do we invariably see Hypertension?
• HTN see in Stage 4 - ADVANCED CLINICAL NEPHROPATHY
What are some of the causes of tubular damage in diabetic nephropathy?
- TGF-ß stimulates tubuloepithelial hypertrophy
* Lots of PROXIMAL tubular damage
What are the short and long term effects on microalbuminuria with intensive control of blood glucose?
BOTH short term and LONG term patients experience overall slower progression to macroabluminuria
What drugs are the best at acting directly to preserve glomerular health in diabetics?
• what changes in lab values should you expect when starting a patient on these drugs?
ACE Is and ARBs are the best because they relieve the increased Glomerular Pressure created by constriction of the efferent arteriole
Lab Values:
• Serum Creatinine will INCREASE because you will reduce glomerular filtration as a result of efferent arteriolar relaxation
