Diagnosis and Classification Flashcards
(27 cards)
what are the two cassification systems
- dsm 5
- icd 10
what are positie symptoms
additional experiences
what are the 3 positive symptoms
- hallucinations
- delusions
- disorganised speech
explain hallucinations
unusual sensory experiences which can be related to any sense
- auditory - hearing noises or voices
- visual - when a person sees something
explain delusions
irrational beliefs that can take varying forms
eg, being monitered by the government
explain disorganised speech
individual struggles to think or speak coherently
what are negative symptoms
involve the loss of usual abilities and experiences
what are the 3 negative symptoms
- speech poverty
- avolition
- diminished emotional expression
explain speech poverty
reduction in the amount and quality of speech
explain avolition
finding it difficult to begin or keep up with goal orientated activities
explain diminished emotional expression
lack of showing emotion characterised by unchanging facial expression
what is co-morbidity
having two or more disorders at the same time
what is symptom overlap
when different disorders share some of the same symptoms
what was the aim and sample of rosenhans research
- aim - to see wether sane people preenting themselves as having a disorder will be diagnosed as insane
- sample - patients and staff at 12 hospitals accross 5 states in USA
explain the method of rosenhans research
- 8 pseudo patients present themselves to the hospital for admission
- complained they had been hearing voices
- after admission, they acted normal and said they no longer feel the symptoms
give the results of rosanhans research
- all pseudo patients admitted
- all but one diagnosed w schizophrenia
- no pseudo patients suspected by staff but 35 out of 118 patients suspected they werent real
how is the effect of labelling seen in rosanhans reserach
normnal behaviours shown by the pseudo patients were often interpretated as symptoms of their disorder. Eg, queing up early for lunch was seen as a pathological behaviour
give a piece of research into the reliability and validity of diagnosis
strength
osorio et al
- reported excellent reliability for diagnosis of schizophrenia in 180 individuals using DSM 5
- inter rater score of 0.97
give a piece of research into the reliability and validity of diagnosis
weakness
cheniaux et al
- two psychoatrists assessed 100 patients using DSM or ICD
- gave more diagnoses to patients when using ICD
give research involving gender with the diagnosis of schizophrenia
ratio of male to women diagnosed is 1.4:1
give research involving culture with the diagnosis of schizophrenia
british african caribean 9x more likely to be diagnosed than white british
What is meant by reliability of schizophrenia diagnosis?
The consistency of diagnostic decisions – the same patient should receive the same diagnosis from different clinicians (inter-rater) or on different occasions (test-retest).
What is meant by validity of schizophrenia diagnosis?
The degree to which the diagnosis accurately identifies a genuine disorder and predicts outcomes (e.g., response to treatment) – i.e. it measures what it claims to measure.
Key difference between DSM-5 and ICD-10 criteria for schizophrenia
DSM-5 requires at least one positive symptom; ICD-10 allows any two or more symptoms (including negative) for one month.
