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VNo2 > Diagnostic Aids > Flashcards

Diagnostic Aids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the tungsten?

A

Used as the filament and target as it has a high atomic number therefore a high number of electrons and also a high melting point.

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2
Q

What is the primary beam?

A

X-rays that emerge from the window of the tube head, usually visualised by the light beam diaphragm.

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3
Q

What is the actual focal point of an radiography machine?

A

The spot where the electrons hit the target, the target is angled at 20 degrees

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4
Q

What is the effective focal spot of the radiography machine?

A

Because the target is angled the x-ray beam that leaves the target is narrower and more defined.

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5
Q

What is the tube head?

A

Encases the anode, cathode and the light beam diaphragm

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6
Q

What is the tube head lined with?

A

Lead.

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7
Q

Why is the tube head lined with lead?

A

To absorb the X-rays that are produced in different directions to the primary beam

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8
Q

What is the line voltage compensator.

A

Will stop fluctuations in normal mains electricity

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9
Q

What is a stationary anode?

A

Limited mA can be used with this anode as it will only withstand a certain amount of heat.

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10
Q

What is a rotating anode?

A

And set into a rotary arm, constantly turning, and therefore withstand more heat

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11
Q

What is the KV?

A

The speed and energy that the electrons hit the target, also known as the potential difference.

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12
Q

What is the mA?

A

The quantity of electrons hitting the target.

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13
Q

What are calcium tungsten screens?

A

These will only emit blue light. The image is less defined.

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14
Q

What light does rare earth phosphorus screens?

A

These emit green light

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15
Q

What is the pro of using Rare Earth Phosphourus Screens?

A

Absorb more x-ray energy and are efficient at converting this energy into light.
Better defined image
Lower exposure can be used

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16
Q

How many layers are the sheets of an x-ray film mad up of?

A

Several

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17
Q

What is the top layer of the x-ray film called?

A

Known as the emulsion.

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18
Q

Where are silver bromide crystals found?

A

In the emulsion layer of the x-ray film.

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19
Q

What are silver bromide crystals sensitive to?

A

Sensitive to x-rays and white light.

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20
Q

What is the second layer of the x- any film?

A

Known as the subbing layer

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21
Q

What does the subbing layer of the x-ray film do?

A

Sticks the emulsion to the third layer (the base)

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22
Q

What is the super coat of the x-ray film?

A

A protective gelatine coating

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23
Q

What is a non-screen?

A

For use without an intensifying screen, the image is produced by x-ray energy only. High mA is require

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24
Q

What is monochromatic screen film?

A

Sensitive to blue light only

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25
Q

What should a monochromatic screen film be used with?

A

Only to be used with calcium tungstate screens as these emit a blue light only

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26
Q

What is the orthochromatic screen film?

A

Can be used with either type of screen as they are sensitive to blue and green light

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27
Q

What is duplitised?

A
  • Emulsion on both sides = double efficiency
  • Good contrast and blackness but reduced definition due to marginally superimposed images
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28
Q

What 3 things do we need to know about single-sided film?

A
  • Emulsion is one side only
  • Very fine detail image with good soft tissue and bone detail
  • Need to increase exposure factors
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29
Q

What will a fast film and screen allow?

A

Lower exposures but the definition of the image will be less.

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30
Q

What does a slow film and screen combination require?

A

Higher exposure.

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31
Q

What are the white light filters?

A

Red filter and brown filter

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32
Q

What films do you use with a red filter in radiographs?

A

Use with blue/green light sensitive films

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33
Q

What films do you use with the brown light filter?

A

Use with blue light sensitive films

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34
Q

What is in the developer of an x-ray machine?

A

Alkaline Phenidone hydroquinone or metal hydroquinone

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35
Q

What does the fixer do?

A

🔶 fixer will dissolve any unexposed silver bromide known as clearing time.
🔶 preservative
🔶 hardener to prevent further softening, known as tanning

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36
Q

What is the developer also known as?

A

Known as reducing

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37
Q

What does this developer do?

A

Converts exposed crystals to of silver bromide into metallic silver

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38
Q

What does the developer contain?

A

Contains buffers to maintain alkalinity

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39
Q

What do the strainers in the developer do?

A

Limit use of reducing to exposed silver bromide only

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40
Q

Where are hardeners found?

A

Found only in automatic developing solution, will prevent excess swelling and softening of emulsion

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41
Q

How will you be able to tell that the developer is exhausted?

A

Will show as an under developed film

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42
Q

What is the least efficient and most basic method for producing a digital image?

A

Film digitisation

43
Q

What is film digitisation?

A

The most basic and least efficient method of producing a digital image

44
Q

What does film digitisation involve?

A

Fed through the film digitiser a device with a light source at one side if the film and a series of detectors at the other.

45
Q

What is indirect radiography?

A

The most widespread technology employed to produce digital radiography is by computed radiography.

46
Q

What is direct radiography?

A

Th film or plate is replaced by a detector array. Image is directly captured.

47
Q

Why is direct radiography direct?

A

The transmitted x Ray beam strikes the surface of the detector and at this point th ima can be produced hence direct.

48
Q

What does contrast radiography involve?

A

Involves altering the opacity of structure, its contents and the surrounding tissues to make it more visible on the radiograph

49
Q

What does contrast media do?

A

Alters the absorption of the primary beam and improves the contrast

50
Q

What is barium sulphate used for in radiography?

A

Used to outline the alimentary tract

51
Q

What is barium sulphate?

A

A chalky whit powder that is mixed with water to produce a liquid suspension or paste

52
Q

Why should care be taken when using barium sulphate?

A

It may leak into the peritoneum or if inhaled may cause adhesions or aspiration pneumonia

53
Q

What are iodine compounds?

A

All water soluble compounds, appear as cleaner liquids.

54
Q

What are iodine compounds used for?

A

Usually used for all examination not involving the alimentary tract unless perforation is suspected.

55
Q

What are iodine compounds used for in radiographs?

A

Used to examine kidneys, ureters and bladder as they are water soluble.

56
Q

What is radiolucent (negative) contrast media?

A

Decrease the absorption of the primary beam and appear black on the radiographic image

Usually air but may be oxygen, carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide

kV may need to be lowered when using air contrast

57
Q

What are double contrast studies?

A

Positive media are used to coat any hollow structure, then air is introduced to distend the structure

Air is introduced secondarily otherwise bubbles and uneven coating may occur

The positive media will cling to the lining and the air highlights any defects

58
Q

When would you use double contrast studies?

A

May be used in cytography and barium enema studies

59
Q

What could cause a fault on the film itself?

A

Handling artefacts - static, fingerprints, scratches, creases

Fogging - box lid left off

Out of date film

Storage of boxes

Cheap film = poor quality emulsion

60
Q

How could storing the film cause a fault?

A

Temperature, humidity, vertical storage

61
Q

What causes faults of the screen and cassette?

A

Old screens

Scratches

Dirty screens - dusty, hairs in cassette

Light leakage into cassette

Poor screen to film contact - foam crumbling

Incorrect screen speed for application

62
Q

What is the calculation for time and mA?

A

Seconds X mA = mAs = mAs - seconds = mA

63
Q

What is the rule of the kv and mAs.

A

If the kv is increased by 10 the mAs must be halved

If the kv is increased by 10 the mAs must be doubled

64
Q

How do you calculate the film focal distance?

A

New exposure (mAs) = old expsur (mAs) X new FFD2 / old FFD2

Kv will remain the same

65
Q

How do you calculate the grid factor?

A

New exposure (mAs) = old exposure (mAs) X grid factor

Kv will remain the same

66
Q

What are the advantages of ultrasounds?

A

Does not use radiation

Produces real time images

Can be used without sedation

Minimal patient preparation needed

Non-invasive, giving good visualisation of the abdominal organs

67
Q

What are the disadvantages of ultrasounds?

A

Conor be used in areas containing large amounts of air such as lungs

Cannot be used for skeletal system

Accuracy is dependant on operator skill and experience

Requires expert interpretation of images

68
Q

What areas are suitable for ultrasounds?

A

Abdominal organs

Reproductive organs

Heart and vascular function

Thyroid

Larynx

Tendons

Ligaments

Soft tissue masses

69
Q

What is CT scanning?

A

Radiographic technique grater definition and differentiation between tissue types

70
Q

What is CT scanning useful for?

A

Skeletal

Central nervous system

Tumours

71
Q

A radiography demonstrating a lack of penumbra is described as what?

A

Having good definition

72
Q

What do the initials TLD refer to?

A

Type of personal radiation monitor

73
Q

To deuce radiographic contrast the exposure factors should be altered by?

A

Increasing the KV

74
Q

The mAs primarily affects the?

A

Blackness of the radiograph

75
Q

The invisible image produced in the film emulsion by exposure to radio action or light is described as the?

A

Latent image

76
Q

What does the developer fluid do?

A

Converts exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver

77
Q

What is the purpose of the aluminium filter across the window of the tube head?

A

Reduce scattered radiation

78
Q

Where are lithium fluoride crystals found?

A

Thermos luminescent dose meters

79
Q

What do white specks on a processed image indicate?

A

Dirt on the intensifying screens

80
Q

When would a slow film screen combination be most useful when taking a radiograph?

A

On a Norfolk terriers nasal turbinates

81
Q

If the kv is increased, to produce a comparable radiograph, what should happen to the mAs?

A

Should be halved

82
Q

What are dark splash marks on the radiograph be caused by?

A

Developer

83
Q

What should the walls Of a dark room be painted?

A

Whit to reflect the safe light

84
Q

What is an example of a negative contrast agent?

A

Air

85
Q

What organ do lead neck guards protect?

A

The thyroid

86
Q

What newer imaging technique also uses x ray tube head to generate its image?

A

Computed tomography

87
Q

What is the legal document which covers the use of radiation?

A

Ionising radiation regulations 1999

88
Q

What is myelography?

A

Use of contrast agent to view spinal cord

89
Q

What is arthrography?

A

Use of contrast agent to view joint

90
Q

What is cystography?

A

Use of contrast agent to view bladder

91
Q

What is gastrography?

A

Use of contrast agent to view stomach

92
Q

What are protons?

A

Positively charged particles contained in the centre or nucleus of the atom.

93
Q

What are neutrons?

A

Particles of similar size to protons that are also found in the nucleus but carry no electrical charge

94
Q

What are electrons?

A

Smaller, negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in different planes or shells

95
Q

What is the melting point of tungsten?

A

3380 degrees

96
Q

What is the atomic number of tungsten?

A

74

97
Q

List the 3 main types of positive contrast agents?

A

Barium sulphate

Water solvable iodine containing preparations

Low osmolar non ionic media

98
Q

What is barium sulphate commonly used for?

A

Investigation of the alimentary canal

99
Q

What is water soluble iodine containing preparations commonly used for?

A

Investigation of the urogenital system

100
Q

What is low osmolar non ionic media commonly used for?

A

Myelography

101
Q

What trim described contrast radiography of a joint space?

A

Arthrography

102
Q

Why would a patient be given glycogen prior to a gastrogram?

A

Slows gastric emptying

103
Q

What are very dark shades on a radiograph likely to show?

A

Gas

VNo2 (4 decks)

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