VNO2 Manual X-rays

Question 1

What are the 5 stages of processing manual x-rays?

Answer 1

Development

Rinsing

Fixing

Washing

Drying

Question 2

What is the main active ingredient in the developing solution?

Answer 2

Phenidone hydroquinone or metol-hydroquinone

Question 3

What does the developer/active ingredient in the developer do?

Answer 3

The chemicals convert the expos d crystals of silver bromide into minute grains of black metallic silver.

Question 4

How long should the film be immersed in the developer for?

Answer 4

3-5 minutes

Question 5

What temperature should the developer stay at of the developer?

Answer 5

20 degrees

Question 6

When should the developer be changed?

Answer 6

Usually every 3 months

Question 7

How long should the x-ray film be rinsed for?

Answer 7

10 seconds

Question 8

What is the purpose of rinsing the x-ray film?

Answer 8

Removes excess developer solution;and prevent carryover into the fixer tank

Question 9

What is the fixer in a manual x-ray?

Answer 9

The fixer is acidic and this neutralises the developer preventing further development of the emulsion

Question 10

What does the fixer contain?

Answer 10

Contains sodium or ammonium thiosulphate

Question 11

What temperature should the fixer be at?

Answer 11

21 degrees Celsius

Question 12

How long should the film remain in the fixer?

Answer 12

10 minutes

Question 13

What is tanning?

Answer 13

3rd function of fixing, this hardens the film emulsion to prevent the film from being scratched when handled

Question 14

What is washing of the x-ray film?

Answer 14

The film must be washed to remove residual chemicals which would cause fading and yellow brown staining of the film

Question 15

How many litres of water should be used when washing the film?

Answer 15

3 litres

Question 16

How long should the film be washed for?

Answer 16

15-30 minutes

Question 17

What is drying of an x-ray film?

Answer 17

Films are removed from their hangers for drying. The films should be clipped to a taut line over a sink in a dust free environment.

Question 18

What does an automatic processor consist of?

Answer 18

Light proof container enclosing a series of rollers that pass the film through developer, fixer, wash water and warm air.

Question 19

What is the dry area?

Answer 19

The films are stored in boxes or in film hoppers. Dry film hangers should be stored o; a rack above the dry bench

Question 20

What is the wet area?

Answer 20

This is where the processing chemicals are kept and used.

Question 21

What can cause the film to be too dark?

Answer 21

Overexposure

Overdevelopment

FFD too short

Fogging

Question 22

What can be done if the film is too dark?

Answer 22

Reduce exposure factors
Check developer temperature
Increase FFD
Check thickness of patient

Question 23

What can cause the film to be too pale?

Answer 23

Under exposure
Underdevelopment
FFD too long

Question 24

How can you tell if an x-ray is underexposed?

Answer 24

Background black but image is too light

Question 25

If an x-ray is underexposed, how can this be fixed?

Answer 25

Increase exposure factors!check thickness of patient, check correct film/screen combination is used

Question 26

Is the fixer alkaline or acidic?

Answer 26

Acidic

Question 27

What is the main active ingredient in fixer?

Answer 27

Sodium thiosulphate or ammonium thiosulphate

Question 28

Describe the reaction undergone during fixing?

Answer 28

The unexposed silver halide crystals are removed leaving a metallic silver image that may be viewed in normal light. Fixing renders the image permanent and insensitive to white light

Question 29

What is the maximum wattage suitable for a safe light bulb?

Answer 29

25 watts

Question 30

List 4 faults associated with poor handling of film during processing?

Answer 30

Finger prints

Emulsion damage

Static marks

Crimp marks