Diagnostic Assessment

Question 1

1. As a communications theorist and therapist, Haley deals
   with the concepts of the double-bind, setting conditions, and
   what else?
   a. family blueprint
   b. paradoxical interventions
   c. i-messages
   d. prejudicial scapegoating

Answer 1

b.
Jay Haley, a communications theorist, is associated with
strategic family therapy and is well known for his use of
paradoxical interventions (e.g., instructing a patient to
purposefully engage in the symptomatic behavior).

Question 2

2. According to psychoanalytic theory, the ego defense
   mechanisms fucntion to:
   a. keep unacceptable impulses from reaching consciousness.
   b. ensure socially appropriate behavior
   c. signal the emergence of anxiety
   d. reduce conflict between the ego and the superego

Answer 2

a.
The function of ego defense mechanisms is to keep
unacceptable impulses from reaching consciousness. Anxiety
results when the defense mechanisms fail to control “psychic
excitation” (i.e., the entry of unconscious impulses into
consciousness).

Question 3

3. A recent Latino immigrant to the United States would
   probably have the most difficulty adjusting to a
   psychotherapist who displays:
   a. an eclectic orientation
   b. a focus on individualism.
   c. an informal personal style.
   d. a focus on the client’s level of acculturation

Answer 3

b.
As compared to American culture, Latino culture is generally
characterized by a greater emphasis on the immediate
extended family unit and less emphasis on individualism.

Question 4

4. Which of the following is least descriptive of the hypnotic
   state? It involves:
   a. induction of a “trance state” which, in its deepest form,
   may be associated with induced visual or auditory
   experiences.
   b. a heightened state of concentration and increased
   receptivity to the suggestions of another person.
   c. a loss of control over one’s actions from oneself to the
   hypnotist.
   d. an ability to recall memories that are not available to the
   conscious mind during the non-hypnotic state.

Answer 4

c.
People under hypnosis report that they never feel as though
they are not in control of their actions when they are in a
hypnotic trance.
Choices A and B have been used in various contexts as
working definitions of hypnosis.

Question 5

5. Which of the following is the strongest indicator of suicide
risk?
a. depression
b. family history of suicide
c. hopelessness
d. alcoholism

Answer 5

c.
A number of studies has identified hopelessness as the aspect
of depressive symptomatology associated with the greatest
suicide risk.

Question 6

6. From the perspective of Gestalt therapy, the term
   “introjection” refers to:
   a. adopting the values and behaviors of others without fully
   assimilating them into the personality structure.
   b. directing unacceptable anger and aggression inward.
   c. being oriented toward self rather than oriented toward
   others.
   d. attributing one’s own unacceptable beliefs and impulses to
   others.

Answer 6

6. A
   According to the theory that underlies Gestalt therapy,
   introjection is a boundary disturbance that involves
   assimilating information, beliefs, and values without really
   understanding them.

Question 7

7. Which of the following clinical tests was developed on the
basis of emperical criterion keying?
a. Rorschach
b. 16PF
c. WAIS-III
d. MMPI-2

Answer 7

7. D
   Empirical criterion keying is a method of choosing items for
   a test on the basis of the items’ ability to distinguish between
   groups. Of the choices listed, only the MMPI-2 was
   developed on the basis of empirical criterion keying.

Question 8

8. A feminist therapist would:
   a. focus on innate, biological differences between men and
   women.
   b. believe that there are no inherent differences in power
   between a psychotherapist and a client.
   c. focus on social and political factors that underlie a
   woman’s so called psychopathology.
   d. argue that only highly trained professionals are capable of
   understanding and treating female clients in psychotherapy.

Answer 8

8. C
   Feminist therapy approaches assume that sexism and
   oppressive social roles underlie the reported problems of
   women who seek therapy.

Question 9

9. Which of the following statements regarding
   client-therapist ethnic matching is most consistent with the
   overall body of research on the issue?
   a. Clients who receive therapy from racially and ethnically
   similar therapists are likely to show greater progress than
   those who have ethnically different therapists.
   b. Client-therapist ethnic similarity has not been
   demonstrated to have any significant effect on therapy
   outcome.
   c. The race of the client and therapist are variables that
   interact with a number of client and therapist variables in
   exerting their effects on therapy outcome.
   d. Client-therapist ethnic similarity has been shown to have
   an impact on therapy outcome for only African-American
   clients

Answer 9

9. C
   Though this is a controversial issue in the literature, the
   generally accepted consensus is that ethnic matching per se
   is not related to therapy outcome. However, variables such as
   therapist sensitivity to cultural variable and the client’s level
   of identification with their ethnic groups influence the way in
   which ethnic similarity affects outcome.

Question 10

10. Which of the following terms is not associated with
Minuchin's structural family therapy?
a. enmeshment
b. disengagement
c. boundaries
d. congruence

Answer 10

10. D
    The term congruence is associated with Roger’s
    client-centered therapy. It refers to genuineness and
    consistency between the therapist’s words and behaviors

Question 11

11. A therapist that focuses on a client's basic needs for
power, affiliation, and fun is likely a:
a. reality therapist
b. Gestalt therapist
c. transactional therapist
d. person-centered therapist

Answer 11

11. A
    According to the theory underlying reality therapy,
    psychological problems are due to an inability to responsibly
    and adequately meet one’s basic needs. These needs include
    those for survival, belonging, power, fun, and freedom.

Question 12

12. According to psychoanalytic theory, a patiente with an
    obsessive-compulsive neurosis is likely to strongly rely on
    which of the following sets of defenses:
    a. reaction formation, isolation of affect, and undoing
    b. projection, displacement, and denial
    c. somatization, introjection, and reaction formation
    d. isolation, denial, and repression

Answer 12

12. A
    Reaction formation involves dealing with unacceptable
    impulses by substituting their opposite. The OCD personality
    is often overly rigid in matters of morality and ethics.
    Isolation of affect involves separation of thoughts from
    feelings associated with them. The OCD personality, while
    able to describe affectively charged events, prefers to avoid
    discussing feelings about them. Undoing involves behaviors
    designed to symbolically negate unacceptable thoughts or
    actions. OCD often involves ritualistic compulsions in
    response to obsessions.

Question 13

13 Unconscious mental processing is called primary process

thinking. This primary process functions according to the:
a. pleasure principle
b. reality principle
c. free association principle
d. transference between client and therapist

Answer 13

13. A
    Freud described the primary process thinking as governed by
    the id and functioning according to the pleasure principle.

Question 14

14. Jung believed that people turn from an extroverted
process to an introverted one:
a. in early adolescence
b. toward the end of life
c. around age 40
d. depending on the social situation

Answer 14

14. C
    Carl Jung described extroversion as the disposition to find
    pleasure in external things. Introversion reflected a turning
    inward of the libido. He believed that we turned from the
    extroversion of youth to the introversion of adulthood
    somewhere near the midpoint of life - around 40.

Question 15

15. Adler termed the concept the “masculine protest” to refer
    to:
    a. a child’s awareness that he is not female
    b. the pre-feminist movement
    c. Neo-Freudians
    d. inferiority complex

Answer 15

15. D
    The masculine protest came from Adler’s idea that every
    child experiences feelings of inferiority which supply the
    motivation to grow, dominate, and be supportive.

Question 16

16. Harry Stack Sullivan believed that neurotic behavior is
often caused by:
a. syntaxic modes
b. prototaxic modes
c. parataxic modes
d. Neo-Freudians

Answer 16

16. C
    Harry Stack Sullivan believed that parataxic distortions -
    delaing with current acquaintances as if they were significant
    persons from early life - caused neuroticism.
    He also described syntaxic mode experiences (symbols with
    shared meanings) and prototaxic mode experiences (involve
    discrete unconnected momentary states)

Question 17

17. Existential psychotherapy focuses on:
    a. the individual and his community
    b. the individual and the ultimate concerns of existence
    c. the existence of our species
    d. congruence

Answer 17

17. B
    Existential psychotherapy holds that personality is an
    outgrowth of the struggle between the individual and
    ultimate concerns of existence, such as death, isolation,
    meaninglessness, and the ultimate responsibility for our own
    lives.

Question 18

18. Fritz Perl’s Gestalt therapy and theory of personality
    emphasizes:
    a. style of life
    b. boundary disturbances
    c. an understanding of maladaptive interactions
    d. psychoanalysis

Answer 18

18. B
    Fritz Perl’s theory of personality viewed it as consistency of
    the self and the self-image. A person’s interaction with the
    environment determines which part of the personality exerts
    the most control. A “boundary disturbance” such as
    introjection, deflection, confluence, results in a person who
    is less controlled by the self and more controlled by the
    self-image.

Question 19

19. A feminist therapist would often have as a primary goal
for her clients:
a. an understanding of sexism
b. reducing crossed transactions
c. empowerment
d. group therapy

Answer 19

19. C
    The emphasis of feminist therapy is to show clients
    alternative social roles and options. One of the primary goals
    is empowerment.

Question 20

20. The primary difference between object relations family
    therapy, and most system based models is:
    a. the development of a supportive therapeutic environment.
    b. active listening
    c. communication is needed for effective family change.
    d. insight is a core requirement for family change.

Answer 20

20. D
    A core tenet of object relations family therapy is that insight
    is a care requirement for family change. Another major tenet
    of this form of therapy is that problems in current
    relationships between family members can be interpretted in
    terms of transferences resulting from the early mother-child
    relationship.

Question 21

21. According to Yalom, if a therapist is criticized by the
    group for not disclosing personal information, the therapist
    should:
    a. interpret the behavior as resistance
    b. consider it a normal stage in the development of the group
    and ignore it
    c. ask the group more questions about why they feel that way
    d. exhibit more control

Answer 21

21. C
    This question is really asking about transference. Answer B
    is only partially correct. Transference is a normal stage in
    group development; however, it should not be ignored.
    Yalom believes that transference can be beneficial if it is
    managed effectively. The only answer that allows for further
    investigation and management of transference is C.

Question 22

22. A disadvantage of concurrent participation in individual
    and group therapy is that:
    a. the patient is likely to rely on group therapy rather than
    individual therapy for support.
    b. the patient may save all of his personal self-disclosures for
    individual therapy, leaving nothing for the group.
    c. the patient may bring material from the group into
    individual therapy.
    d. it is not useful for patients with a Personality Disorder
    (PD).

Answer 22

22. B
    According to Yalom, a disadvantage of concurrent
    participation in individual and group therapy is that the
    patient may be more inclined to self-disclosure in individual
    therapy, where he or she receives more individual attention.
    As a consequence, self-disclosure in group therapy is
    reduced or lost.

Question 23

23. The MMPI-2, the most widely used clinical personality
    test, contains the following clinical scales:
    a. Schizophreniform (SF), Gender Identity (GI), Narcissism
    (N), Social Extroverson (SE)
    b. Bipolar I (Bi), Personality Disorder (PD), Axis I (A1),
    Axis II (A2)
    c. Hypochondriasis (HS), Hysteria (HY), Paranoia (Pa),
    Hypomania (Ma)
    d. Location, Determinants, Content, Populars

Answer 23

23. C
    Choice C are clinical scales from the MMPI-2. Choice D is a
    list of different scoring categories from Exner’s
    Comprehensive Scoring System for the Rorschach. Choices
    A and B are made up.

Question 24

24. Most of the variance in treatment outcome is accounted
for by:
a. the working alliance
b. the specific treatment intervention
c. the fee
d. the initial impression

Answer 24

24. A
    The working alliance accounts for most of the variance in
    treatment outcome and it has been found to be more
    important than the specific treatment intervention.

Question 25

``` 25. Remoralization, remediation, and rehabilitation are descriptions of: a. crisis intervention b. therapy phase outcomes c. stages in alcohol treatment d. stages of life ```

Answer 25

25. B The three Rs describe the three phases of therapy outcome described by Howard's research that found a relationship between the number of therapy sessions and therapy outcome. According to Howard's research: Remoralization is the first phase encompassing the first few sessions. Remediation is the second phase that requires symptomatic relief and requires about 16 sessions. Rehabilitation is the third phase and involves a gradual improvement in various aspects of functioning.

Question 26

26. The emic-etic distinction in the study of a culture includes the etic approach of looking at cultures from the outside using universally accepted means of investigation and the emic approach which involves: a. analyzing the culture from the researcher's perspective b. comparing it to other cultures. c. studying a culture from the inside and seeing it as its own members do d. ego-manic idiosyncratic consultation.

Answer 26

26. C The emic approach involves studying the culture from the inside, and attempting to see it as its own members do.

Question 27

27. A culturally encapsulated therapist: a. is aware of his/her own cultural biases b. defines the world in terms of his own cultural beliefs. c. notices and works with cultural variations among clients. d. is able to work effectively with members of different cultural groups.

Answer 27

27. B A culturally encapsulated therapist defines the world in terms of this/her own cutltural beliefs, according to Wrenn. Choices A, C, and D are descriptions of a culturally competent counselor according to Sue.

Question 28

``` 28. Which age range has seen the greatest increase in suicide rates in recent years? a. under 15 b. 15-24 c. 40-55 d. 65-80 ```

Answer 28

28. B The question focuses specifically on which age group is showing the greatest increase in suicide rate, which is the 15-24 age group.

Question 29

29. You develop a program for preschool children who are at risk for learning disabilities. This is an example of: a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. advocacy consultation

Answer 29

29. A Primary prevention is administered before the onset of a problem and is designed to prevent the development of the problem.

Question 30

30. When they seek psychotherapy, many physically abused women report that they do not want to leave their husbands. A common reason for this is that: a. the woman feels she is physically strong enough to defend herself. b. the woman and her husband are in a "honeymoon" stage in which the husband apologizes and promises to change. c. the woman has an adequate support system to help her in times of crisis d. the woman has a self-defeating personality disorder

Answer 30

30. B According to Lenore Walker's three stage model of domestic violence, a battering incident usually culminates in a "honeymoon" phase, in which the batterer is remorseful, apologetic, and promises never to batter again. Interventions for spouse abuse most commonly occur in this honeymoon phase, shortly after the abuse has occurred

Question 31

31. The difference between peroperational and concrete operational thought is that: a. the preoperational child is able to intuit, whereas the concrete operational child is not b. the concrete operational child has mastered conservation of the object, whereas the preoperational child has not c. the concrete operational child is able to coordinate his thinking into systems he can direct and control, whereas the preoperational child is not. d. the concrete operational child is not capable of representation, whereas the preoperational child is.

Answer 31

31. B Piaget divided cognitive development into four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. In the preoperational stage, the child is unable to conserve, or recognize that a change in an objects appearance does not mean that the object's fundamental properties have changed.

Question 32

32. A 3-year-old child sees a squirrel "fly" from one tree to another and classifies it as a bird. After getting a closer look at the squirrel, he sees that it can only "fly" short distances and that it has fur instead of feathers. He then reclassifies it as a "flying animal other than a bird". According to Piaget, the child has engaged in what two processes, respectively?

Answer 32

32. A Assimilation involves incorporating new information from the environment into existing cognitive schemas. Accommodation, by contrast, involves modifying a cognitive scheam to be consistent with new environmental information.

Question 33

``` 33. According to Erikson, the psychosocial conflict experienced by adolescents is: a. autonomy vs. shame b. ego identity vs. role confusion c. intimacy vs. isolation d. rebellion vs. conformity ```

Answer 33

33. B Erikson's theory of development describes the "Eight Stages of Man" or the psychosocial crises that are associated with development throughout the life span. According to this theory, adolescents face the crisis of ego identity vs. role confusion.

Question 34

34. Kohlberg's theory of moral development suggests all of the following except the: a. necessity of progressing through the stages of moral development in a set sequence. b. importance of the development of cognitive skill as a basis for changes in the quality of one's moral judgment. c. direction of development as moving from a more hedonistic stance to a reliance on specific principles of conscience d. necessity of progressing through the stages as opposed to remaining fixed at an early stage of development

Answer 34

34. D Kohlberg's theory of moral development holds that our beliefs about what is right and what is wrong progress through a predictable sequence that is a function of our cognitive development. Many individuals never progress to the final stage of development and remain fixed at an earlier stage.

Question 35

35. A behavior that does not develop unless certain environmental events are present during a limited period of time illustrates the notion of: a. sensitive periods b. critical periods c. canalization d. maturation

Answer 35

35. B A critical period is a limited time period during which an organism is biologically prepared to acquire certain behaviors but requires the support of an appropriately stimulating environment.

Question 36

36. Phenotype refers to: a. genetically determined characteristics b. environmentally determined characteristics c. observable and measureable characteristics d. characteristics with an unknown origin

Answer 36

36. C Phenotype refers to characteristics that are observable and measureable and that often reflect a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

Question 37

37. As defined by Vygotsky, the zone of proximal development: a. refers to the people and resources in the learner's immediate environment b. refers to the child's biologically-determined range of reactions c. is the gap between what a child can do and what he or she wants to do d. is the gap between what a child can currently do and what he or she can do with assistance.

Answer 37

37. D Vygotsky believed teaching is most effective when it occurs within the child's zone of proximal development, the gap between what a child can currently do and what the child can do with assistance from an adult or more competent peer.

Question 38

38. Stranger anxiety is most intense when an infant is: a. 6-7 months b. 10-11 months c. 17-18 months d. 22-24 months

Answer 38

38. C Strange anxiety is first evident when the infant is between 8-10 months of age. The intensity of stranger anxiety is at its maximum when the infant is about 18 months of age.

Question 39

``` 39. Delinquent adolescents are most likely to have parents who are: a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive d. uninvolved ```

Answer 39

39. D The characteristics of the uninvolved parents (e.g., weak supervision, hostility or indifference) have been linked to delinquency in adolescence.

Question 40

40. The goodness of fit model developed by Thomas and Chess proposes that healthy development requires a match between: a. temperament and environment b. thoughts, feelings, and actions c. attachment and parents' responsibility d. cognitive abilities and environmental demands

Answer 40

40. A Knowning that Thomas and Chess are most associated with research on temperament would have guided you to the right answer.

Question 41

``` 41. Which of the following aspects of memory shows the most decline with age? a. sensory memory b. primary memory c. secondary memory d. implicit memory ```

Answer 41

41. C One of the most consistent findings of the research in this area is that recent long-term (i.e., secondary memory) is most adversely affected by normal aging.

Question 42

42. Patterson and colleagues would most likely agree that highly aggressive children: a. are born that way b. exhibit a high incidence of cognitive distortions c. have unfulfilled needs d. have highly aggressive parents

Answer 42

42. D Patterson has focused on family factors that contribute to aggressiveness in children, and he has found that the development of aggression was due largely to imitation of parent's aggressive behaviors and the parent's reinforcement of aggressive behavior by the the child.

Question 43

43. Anxiety about death is greatest for individuals aged: a. 20-30 b. 30-40 c. 40-50 d. 50-60

Answer 43

43. C For most people, anxiety about death is strongest during the midlife years.

Question 44

44. A school psychologist is interested in studying the interrelationships between a child's home and school environments. From the perspective of Brofenbrenner's ecological model, the psychologist is interested in the: a. mesosystem b. exosystem c. macrosystem d. endosystem

Answer 44

44. A As defined by Bronfenbrenner, the mesosystem refers to the interconnections between different aspects of the microsystem - the connection between the family and the school.

Question 45

45. A 15-year-old gets her haircut and feels that the hairdresser trimmed her bangs much too short. She tells her mother that she doesn't want to return to school until her hair grows out because she is sure that everyone will make fun of her until then. This is an example of: a. identity moratorium b. adolescent centration c. personal fable d. imaginary audience

Answer 45

45. D According to Elkind, one manifestation of adolescent egocentrism is the belief that one is always "on stage". This is referred to as the imaginary audience

Question 46

46. Zajonc's "confluence model" would support the finding that: a. first-born children tend to have greater intellectual ability than later-born. b. later-born children tend to have greater intellectual ability than early-born. c. the last child born is coddled d. the larger the family, the better the children get along

Answer 46

46. A Zajonc proposed a confluence model to support a number of studies that suggest that first born children tend to have greater intellectual abilities than later born children. Zajonc maintains that as the number of children in a family increases, the amount of intellectual stimulation and other important family resources available to each individual declines.

Question 47

47. The first words infants express are usually: a. Ninja turtles b. action words c. verbs d. nouns

Answer 47

47. D Children tend to express names of objects of significance to them, like Da-Da, Ba-ba, MaMa, etc. So nouns is the best answer.

Question 48

48. Which of the following provides the best predictor of teenage delinquency? a. low SES b. single-parent household c. low self-esteem d. poor supervision and erratic discipline

Answer 48

48. D Research appears to indicate that poor adult supervision and erratic discipline are among the most critical factors associated with teenage delinquency.

Question 49

``` 49. During the first few days following birth, smiling by an infant is associated with: a. human voices b. REM sleep c. human smiling d. wet diapers ```

Answer 49

49. B During the first few days following birth, smiling by an infant is associated with REM sleep. By the second week, the infant will begin to smile while awake.

Question 50

50. Comparing children from intact families to children from divorced families, the National Survey of Children has found that as they reach early adulthood: a. children from divorced families are more likely to demonstrate academic and emotional problems b. children from intact families are more likely to demonstrate academic problems, but emotionally are not different c. children from intact families are more likely to demonstrate academic and emotional problems d. children from intact families and divorced families are indistinguishable

Answer 50

50. A Although the evidence is not overwhelming, the evidence suggests that divorce can produce negative consequences by the time the child reaches early adulthood.

Question 51

51. Which of the following is least characteristic of infants who were exposed to cocaine in utero? a. crawl, stand, and walk early b. low birthweight c. very irritable d. insensitive to visual, auditory, and tactile stimulation

Answer 51

51. D Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development often leads to oversensitivity, rather than undersensitivity, to sensory stimulation. The other responses are characteristic of many of these infants who are exposed to cocaine during early development.

Question 52

52. Organic brain disease would be suggested on the WAIS-III if, on the subtests (compared to the subject's mean), a. Information and Vocabulary scores were low b. Digit Span and Digit Symbol-Coding scores were very low c. Similarities and Vocabulary were high d. Arithmetic was down, while Block Design was high

Answer 52

52. B The subtests of the WAIS-III vary in terms of their sensitivity to brain impairment. The Digit Span and Digit Symbol-Coding subtests are among the most sensitive. Scores on these subtests are most likely to be adversely affected by organic dysfunction.

Question 53

53. For a group of 50 gifted children, scores on the WISC-III, as compared to the Stanford-Binet, would tend to be a. lower b. the same c. higher d. unpredictably higher or lower

Answer 53

53. A The Stanford Binet is a more sensitive measure of intelligence than the WISC-III at the outer extremes (high or low) of intelligence. Thus, gifted children would likely score higher on the SB than on the WISC-III, while profoundly retarded individuals would likely score lower on the SB.

Question 54

54. Administering only the verbal subtests of the WISC-III as a means of assessing intelligence would be most appropriate for: a. a child from a rural Appalachian community b. a recent immigrant to this country c. a child from an affluent suburban community d. a high school dropout

Answer 54

54. C The WISC-III verbal subtests are influenced more by a variety of extraneous variables than are the performance subtests. Of the choices listed, the verbal subtest scores of a child from the the Burbs are least likely to be adversely affected by extraneous variables.

Question 55

55. Scores on which of the following WAIS-III subtests would show the least reduction as a result of brain injury? a. Block Design b. Similarities c. Comprehension d. Information

Answer 55

55. D Scores on the Information and Vocabulary subtests of the WAIS-III are usually relatively unaffected by brain impairment. For this reason, the Information and Vocabulary subtests are used as measures of premorbid functioning in brain impaired individuals.

Question 56

56. You are hired by a sheltered workshop program to do assessments of moderately to severely retarded adults. To obtain the most reliable and valid estimates of functioning with these clients, you would use the a. Vineland Social Maturity Inventory b. WAIS-III c. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) d. Californing Test of Mental Maturity (CTMM)

Answer 56

56. A The Vineland Scales are used to assess levels of adaptive functioning in mentally retarded individuals. They are useful as part of hte process of arriving at a diagnosis of Mental Retardation since such diagnosis requires evidence of deficits in adaptive functioning.

Question 57

57. A clinician uses scatter analysis of the WAIS-III to diagnose individuals suffering from organic brain damage. The clinician should be aware that this method is likely to yield a. too many false positives b. too many false negatives c. too many true negatives d. too many true positives

Answer 57

57. A Individuals with brain damage do tend to show particular patterns of scores on WAIS-III subtests, but similar patterns are also shown by some non-brain damaged individuals. Thus, the strategy described in the question would likely yield too many false positives.

Question 58

58. Research suggests that the most significant contributors to reading disabilities originating in childhood are a. visual processing deficiencies b. auditory processing deficiencies c. phonological processing deficiencies d. syntactic knowledge deficiencies

Answer 58

58. C Many studies have confirmed that phonological processing deficiencies are apparent in most children with reading problems. Visual and auditory processing deficiencies have been shown to have a relatively small impact on reading disabilities.

Question 59

59. In Schizophrenia, the prognosis is most favorable when a. the patient has little or no associated mood disturbances b. the patient is in on-going psychotherapy c. the disorder has an onset in early life d. the patient's family is engaged in coping skills therapy

Answer 59

59. D A number of factors are associated with a relatively favorable prognosis for Schizophrenia. On such factor is availability of social support. Others include: acute onset, later age of onset, being female, precipitating events, presence of associated mood disturbance, good interepisode functioning, minimal residual symptoms, normal neurological functioning, and a family history of Mood Disorder.

Question 60

``` 60. The best behavioral techniques for Specific Phobia would be a. reciprocal inhibition b. flooding c. modeling d. aversion ```

Answer 60

60. B Research suggests that Specific Phobia is most effectively treated with exposure to the phobic object. Specific techniques would include flooding and and systematic desensitization.

Question 61

``` 61. A symptom often noted in severe abusers of amphetamines is a. visual hallucinations b. amotivational syndrome c. increased appetite d. paranoid ideation ```

Answer 61

61. D Typical complications of Amphetamine Dependence include paranoid ideation, as well as aggressive behavior, anxiety, depression, and weight loss.

Question 62

62. The main disadvantage of abrupt termination of barbiturate addiction is the: a. management of the resultant depression and agitation b. "REM rebound" phenomenon c. probability of seizures leading to death d. general physical distress that disposes the patient to resume his or her drug habit

Answer 62

62. C Abrupt termination of barbiturate use can sometimes cause a grand mal seizure, which can be fatal. Choices A, B, and D also occur but C is the best answer given that the question asks for the "main disadvantage".

Question 63

63. During an initial interview with a patient, the patient reports symptoms including loss of appetite, sleep difficulty, and spells of sadness and weeping. It would be important to promptly assess a. for the use of alcohol b. for suicide potential c. sexual behavior d. level of anxiety

Answer 63

63. B Since the patient is reporting symptoms of severe depression, it is important to promptly assess for the level of suicide risk and, if necessary, intervene immediately to reduce this risk.

Question 64

64. Anaclitic depression would most often occur in a. an elderly person who recently moved to a senior citizens' home b. a middle age man who has been laid off from his job after 12 years c. a teenaged girl leaving home to go to college d. an infant whose mother is hospitalized for a lengthy period of time

Answer 64

64. D Anaclitic depression is a syndrome that occurs in infants who have been deprived of maternal attention between the ages of 6 and 8 months. Symptoms include withdrawal, weepiness, insomnia, and a general decline in health.

Question 65

65. In dealing with a highly delusional patient, the most inappropriate strategy would be: a. an attempt to dispel the patient's delusions through tenacious logical argumentation b. gently guide the discussion away from the delusional ideas raised by the patient. c. explore the patient's delusions without expressing personal belief or disbelief. d. reflect the patient's feelings without being interpretative.

Answer 65

65. A Note that you were asked for the most inappropriate intervention. When dealing with a delusional person, it is important to behave respectfully and validate the person's feelings and correct perceptions, without reinforcing or disputing the delusional system. Attempts to dispel the patient's delusions via logic and argumentation will likely just prevent the development of trust and rapport.

Question 66

66. Which of the following symptoms is the most telling sign that a person who drinks heavily should receive a DSM-IV diagnosis of Substance Dependence? a. morning drinking b. three arrests for drunk driving c. tolerance and withdrawal d. drinking more than a bottle of liquor a day

Answer 66

66. C Tolerance and withdrawal are among the diagnostic criteria for Substance Dependence. The other signs may occur in individuals with this diagnosis, but are not actual diagnostic criteria.

Question 67

67. You are seeing a client, a 38-year-old man, for the first time. Based on his symptoms, you determine that he should receive a diagnosis of Panic Disorder. Finding out which of the following would most likely lead you to change your opinion? a. He injected heroin that day. b. He smoked a pack of cigarettes that day. c. He drank 15 cups of coffee that day. d. He has a family history of Major Depressive Disorder.

Answer 67

67. C Central nervous stimulants, such as caffeine, the diagnosis is Caffeine-Induced Anxiety Disorder, not panic disorder.

Question 68

68. Which type of Schizophrenia would you diagnose in a patient who displayed inappropriate affect, incoherence, and fragmented, non-systematized delusions? a. Disorganized b. Residual c. Paranoid d. Catatonic

Answer 68

68. A The symptoms of Schizophrenia, Disorganized Type include disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect. When delusions are present, they are not systematized and not related to a single theme.

Question 69

69. In making a differential diagnosis between Schizoaffective Disorder and Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Manic, what information would lead you to diagnose the former over the latter? a. The patient experienced a full blown manic episode b. The patient's psychotic symptoms have lasted for less than two weeks. c. The patient has not responded to antipsychotic medication d. The patient has had a three week episode of psychotic symptoms that occurred in the absence of manic symptoms

Answer 69

69. D Schizoaffective Disorder involves both prominent psychotic symptoms and prominent mood symptoms. Bipolar I Disorder involves mood symptoms and can also include psychotic features. One diagnostic criterion of Schizoaffective Disorder is the presence of a two week or longer period where there are prominent psychotic symptoms in the absence of prominent mood symptoms. Bipolar I does not include a period of time in which psychotic, but not mood, symptoms are present.

Question 70

70. In order for a diagnosis of Mental Retardation to be made all of the following must be met, except: a. significantly subaverage intellectual functioning. b. deficits in at least two areas of adaptive functioning. c. onset before age 18. d. IQ score below 50, as measured by a test of intellectual functioning.

Answer 70

70. D The criteria for the diagnosis of mental retardation include significant subaverage intellectual functioning (IQ of 70 or less), concurrent deficits in at least two areas of adaptive functioning, and onset before age 18.

Question 71

71. Autism is seen in about: a. 5 cases out of 100 b. 2-5 cases out of 1000 c. 3 cases out of 500 d. 2-5 cases out of 10,000

Answer 71

71. D Autism is very rare and is seen in about 2-5 cases out of 10,000. It is also 4-5 times more common in males than females.

Question 72

72. All of the following are learning disorders except: a. Disorder of Written Expression b. Asperger's Disorder c. Reading Disorder d. Mathematics Disorder

Answer 72

72. B Asperger's Disorder is similar to Autism except that there is no significant delay in language. For a diagnosis of any of the learning disorders to be made, the learning disorder must be differentiated from a lack of opportunity, poor teaching, cultural factors, Mental Retardation, PDD, or sensory deficit.

Question 73

73. The onset of delirium is a. slow and unremitting b. slow but patchy in effect c. relatively rapid with a duration of several months d. relatively rapid with a duration of one month or less

Answer 73

73. D The onset of delirium is relatively rapid and the duration is usually brief, rarely for more than a month. If the state last for longer than a month, the diagnosis would probably be changed to something reflecting a more stable disorder, such as Dementia.

Question 74

74. An elderly psychologist displays a significantly below average IQ score, impaired memory, and no awareness of his impairment. He presents as conscious and alert. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? a. Alzheimer's Disease b. Delirium c. Pseudodementia d. Post-traumatic exam disorder

Answer 74

74. A Alzheimer's Disease (or Dementia) involves multifaceted loss of intellectual abilities, such as memory, judgment, and abstract thought. The fact that the psychologist is not aware of his deficits suggests the diagnosis is Dementia rather than pseudodementia, and the fact that he is alert helps rule out delirium

Question 75

75. Research on smokers who are trying to quit has found that a. cognitive restructuring is the most effective treatment b. flooding is the most effective treatment c. most people quit on their own d. relaxation training is the most effective treatment

Answer 75

75. C Research on cigarette smoking has found that most people stop smoking on their own or with minimal professional help. Factors most important to smoking cessation are: strong desire to quit, awareness of negative health consequences, and social support

Question 76

``` 76. Psychomotor disturbance such as mutism, rigidity, and motoric immobility is characteristic of: a. Catatonic Schizophrenia b. Paranoid Schizophrenia c. Disorganized Schizophrenia d. Residual type Schizophrenia ```

Answer 76

76. A Mutism, rigidity, and motoric immobility are characteristics of catatonia. Residual type includes individuals who have had at least one schizophrenic episode and continue to display negative signs of the illness (flat affect, alogia, avolition).

Question 77

``` 77. In order to diagnose a Brief Psychotic Disorder, symptoms should not last a. more than one day b. more than one week c. more than one month d. more than six months ```

Answer 77

77. C To diagnose Brief Psychotic Disorder, one would expect at least one psychotic symptom, a very sudden onset, and a duration of several hours to one month - but not to exceed one month.

Question 78

``` 78. In terms of neurological factors, ADHD has been linked to abnormalities in the a. prefrontal cortex b. temporal cortex c. prestriate cortex d. striate cortex ```

Answer 78

78. A ADHD has been linked to abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex based on research that has shown diminished glucose metabolism and decreased blood flow in the prefrontal regions and pathways connecting these regions to the caudate nucleus.

Question 79

79. A diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Manic, requires that the patient: a. is currently or most recently in the course of a manic episode. b. is currently or most recently in the course of a manic or mixed episode and has a history of depressive episodes. c. is currently or most recently in a manic episode and has a history of at least mildly depressed mood. d. is currently or most recently in an episode characterized by rapid alternation between manic and depressive episodes.

Answer 79

79. A The diagnosis of Bipolar, Most Recent Episode Manic, is assigned to individuals who currently or recently have experienced a manic episode, with a history of at least one of either Depressive Episodes, Manic Episodes, or Mixed Episodes. In other words, a history of depressive episodes may be present but is not necessary for the diagnosis.

Question 80

80. A 10-year-old boy has no friends, yells at and annoys his parents, blames others for things he has done, and loses his temper and swears frequently. The most likely diagnosis for this boy would be a. oppositional defiant disorder b. conduct disorder c. attention deficit disorder d. pervasive developmental disorder

Answer 80

80. A The child in this question is hostile and negative, but there is no evidence that he engages in the serious antisocial behavior that occurs in conduct disorder

Question 81

81. According to Salvador Minuchin, which of the following is most likely to be present in a family in which a teenage daughter is suffering from anorexia nervosa? a. Adaptive responses to environmental input into the family system. b. Open expression of heated conflict. c. Over-protectiveness and limited individual autonomy. d. Rigid boundaries between family members.

Answer 81

81. C Minuchin believes that psychosomatic families (i.e., those families where asthma, diabetes, or anorexia results in hospitalization of a child) are more likely to be characterized by enmeshed, or diffuse, highly permeable boundaries. Family members have less autonomy and would be more protective of each other.

Question 82

82. Certain obsessive and compulsive behaviors have been successfully treated with a behavioral approach. The most success has come from treatment which entailed: a. systematic desensitization only. b. systematic desensitization with mild aversion. c. mild aversion combined with positive reinforcement. d. deliberate exposure with response prevention.

Answer 82

82. D Research suggests the best behavioral treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder is deliberate exposure with response prevention - especially for the compulsive aspect of the disorder.

Question 83

83. A research psychologist following the principle of informed consent informs subjects that due to the sensitive nature of the study, he wants them to participate only if they feel they can remain in the study to its completion. He asks that, by the end of the first experimental session, they commit themselves to continuing to completion. This practice, according to current standards of research practice, is a. ethical b. unethical c. questionable, but not unethical d. not covered in the Ethical Principles

Answer 83

83. B According to the Ethical Standards, researchers are required to permit subjects to withdraw from a study at anytime. Moreover, the research must inform the subjects of their right to withdraw at anytime at the outset of the study.

Question 84

84. If you, as an independent psychologist, learn during the first interview that the client is currently receiving services from another professional, your most ethical response would be a. consult with the other professional before scheduling any further appointments b. inform the client that you cannot offer your services without first informing the other professional c. recognize that, as the consumer, this client has the right to use professional services in whatever way he or she pleases. d. discuss the issues raised with the client so as to minimize any confusion.

Answer 84

84. D When a client is already being served by another mental health professional, the psychologist must consider relevant issues and the potential client's welfare.

Question 85

85. The Ethics Committee will review complaints from a. the general public only b. both APA members and non-members c. APA members only d. licensed professionals in the mental health profession

Answer 85

85. B The Ethics Committee is responsible for adjudicating ethical complaints against members. Its primary concern is protecting the public against harmful acts by psychologists. Complaints can be made by APA members and non-members.

Question 86

86. According to the General Guidelines for Psychological Services, doctoral level psychologists wishing to qualify themselves for a change in specialty a. may be considered competent in the new area if they take an internship or acquire experience in a relevant practicum setting. b. must meet the same requirements with respect to subject matter and professional skills that apply to doctoral training in the new specialty c. should obtain appropriate professional supervision in their new service specialty. d. should receive a new Ph.D. in that specialty.

Answer 86

86. B Though a second Ph.D. is not necessary, complete training (including relevant course work and practicum or internship experience) in the new specialty area is required.

Question 87

87. The Ethics Committee can act "sua sponte" less than one year after it is discovered that any of the following has become final except: a. a misdemeanor conviction. b. a felony conviction. c. a finding of malpractice. d. de-licensure.

Answer 87

87. A The Ethics Committee will not act on anonymous complaints, but will act "sua sponte" (on its own) without a complaint, less than one year after it is discovered that any of the following has become final: a felony conviction, a finding of malpractice, expulsion or suspension from a state association for unethical conduct or delicensure by a state board.

Question 88

88. The Preamble and General Principles are a. enforceable rules for conduct b. guidelines for the public c. applicable to both the psychologist's personal and professional life. d. aspirational goals.

Answer 88

88. D The Preamble and General Principles are aspirational goals to guide psychologists toward the highest ideals of psychology.

Question 89

89. According to the Ethical Principles, bartering as a method of payment for psychological services is a. ethical if no exploitation is involved and it is not clinically contraindicated b. ethical if the therapist barters for goods of known value, as opposed to services c. unethical under any circumstances d. ethical only at the beginning of treatment

Answer 89

89. A | Choice A is a direct quote from the APA's Ethical Standards.

Question 90

90. For 9 months now, your long term client has made no significant progress in therapy, even after you've revised the treatment goals several times. You should probably a. gently state your perception of the situation and encourage the client's response b. seek supervision c. interpret your formulation for the present resistance d. seek an appropriate referral for the client.

Answer 90

90. D According to APA Ethical Standards, psychologists terminate professional relationships when it becomes reasonable clear that the patient or client no longer needs the service, is not benefitting, or is being harmed by continuing service.

Question 91

91. The purpose of the state licensing board is to a. protect the public b. set minimum standards of practice. c. oversee the profession. d. educate the public

Answer 91

91. A The primary purpose of state licensing boards is to protect the public.

Question 92

92. The General Principle of Competence in APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct includes discussion of a. a psychologists recognizing the boundaries of his expertise b. promoting integrity c. consulting with colleagues in order avoid unethical conduct d. a psychologist seeking to contribute to the welfare of those with whom they interact professionally

Answer 92

92. A The Principle of Competence includes recognizing the boundaries of one's expertise.

Question 93

93. The private conduct of a psychologist a. is his/her private business b. is also subject to the Ethics Code c. is private, except when it reduces the public's trust d. is only of concern if the psychologist has a private practice.

Answer 93

93. C General Principle C states that a psychologist's personal conduct is a private matter EXCEPT as it may compromise his/her professional responsibilities or reduce the public's trust in psychologists.

Question 94

94. A father brings his son to a psychologist to be evaluated as recommended by the boy's school. In the course of the evaluation, the psychologist discovers that the father is not the custodial parent. The psychologist should a. continue with the evaluation, but refuse to release the results until a written consent is obtained from the custodial parent. b. stop the evaluation until a written consent is obtained from the custodial parent c. continue with the evaluation, but mail the results to the custodial parent only d. obtain consent from the father and s

Answer 94

94. B The non-custodial parent has no rights (or limited ones) in dealing with psychologists. Therefore, it is most appropriate not to deal with the father at this time, and wait until you obtain permission from the custodial parent before proceeding with the evaluation.

Question 95

95. A consulting psychologist prints testimonials from former clients in a brochure advertising her services to corporations. According to the latest revisions of the Ethical Principles, this is: a. ethical and legal b. unethical and illegal c. unethical, unless the testimonials were not solicited. d. unethical, but not illegal

Answer 95

95. C Ethical standards prohibit solicitation of testimonials from current clients or persons who are "vulnerable to undue influence" which likely applies to former clients. So use of testimonials would not be ethical unless they were unsolicited.

Question 96

96. A marriage, family, and child counselor is about to receive a PhD in clinical psychology and meets his own state's requirements for taking the psychology licensing exam. His business card includes information about his hours, his phone number, and the words "PhD Candidate". Which of the following is always true about the situation? He is a. engaging in unethical conduct, because the term "PhD Candidate" could be misleading b. in violation of ethical and legal standards c. engaging in unethical conduct, because such a person should not be distributing business cards. d. not engaging in unethical conduct, because all of the information on the business card is truthful

Answer 96

96. A Psychologist are not permitted to make public statements that are false, fraudulent, or misleading. Even if a statement is true, it can be misleading.

Question 97

97. The phrase "holder of privilege" a. is a legal term signifying that the client (or legal guardian thereof) in a psychotherapeutic relationship has the right, though not absolute, to protect his privacy. b. means that both the therapist and client jointly decide on what information discussed during therapy will be divulged in a court of law. c. is intended to protect the therapy client by restricting information about the therapeutic relationship that can be divulged in a court of law to whatever the therapist feels is in the client's best interest. d. has exactly the same meaning as "confidentiality" as it applies to the psychotherapeutic relationship.

Answer 97

97. A The term "privilege" refers to a person's right to prevent confidential information from being revealed in a legal proceeding. An adult client is the holder of privilege; this means it is the client's prerogative to claim or waive the privilege.

Question 98

98. A clinical psychologist announces his services by advertising his name, degree, fee, and APA membership in a boxed section of a local newspaper. According to recent changes in APAs Ethical Principles, this action is: a. permissible b. illegal c. unethical d. unprofessional and illegal

Answer 98

98. A There is nothing in this ad that appears to be false, fraudulent, misleading, deceptive, or unethical in any way.

Question 99

99. As a clinical psychologist in private practice, you have been asked by a single father to perform a standardized test battery and to forward the report to the local school psychologist. You do so, noting the child's unusual responses and suggesting hypotheses that need further follow-up. The father now demands a copy of the report. You should: a. send him a summary of the report that explains the findings in clearly stated language. b. tell the father that you have performed your agreed obligation and owe him nothing further. c. offer to discuss the reasons why it would be inappropriate for him to have access to the results. d. refer him to the school psychologist who will have integrated your report with additional information of his own.

Answer 99

99. A APA guidelines require that assessment results be provided to the person assessed or legally authorized persons in language that is "reasonably understandable".

Question 100

100. You are seeing a teenager in therapy. The guidance counselor from the teenager's school calls you requesting advice on how to deal with a recent incident at school in which your client was involved. Your best course of action is to: a. politely inform the counselor you cannot discuss any client until written permission from the client and the client's parents have been obtained. b. ask the counselor to describe the incident at school, and then offer some general suggestions for dealing with the problem. c. provide some very limited information about your client, only in the areas specifically relevant to the school incident, to help the counselor help your client. d. offer to come over to the school as soon as possible to talk over the incident with your client and pertinent school personnel.

Answer 100

100. A Permission from the client's parents would be required before you could speak to the school counselor.

Question 101

101. Assume you are in private practice seeing a client whose fees to you are reimbursed by an insurance company. The insurance company contacts you for information about the client and the client has signed a release of confidentiality. Your most appropriate action is to: a. give the insurance company whatever information it is seeking since you have a signed release. b. withhold all information because even though the client signed a release, he had to sign it in order to receive reimbursement, and his signature under those circumstances is not binding. c. carefully inquire what information the insurance company is seeking and for what purpose and give it only what is necessary. d. explain to the insurance company that you can supply it with only the diagnosis and treatment data.

Answer 101

101. C In communications with third parties, psychologists include only information that is "germane to the purpose for which the communication is made". You would limit the information released to that which is relevant to the purpose at hand.

Question 102

102. You receive a subpoena to bring your records regarding a patient to the local courthouse, so that copies can be made for later use as evidence in the patient's pending trial for car theft. The patient has entered a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity, but does not want you to release his records for use as evidence in the court proceeding. Legally, you would be required to a. withhold the records based on the patient's legal right to confidentiality. b. produce the records unless the patient chooses to change his plea to eliminate the issue of his mental status c. provide the records only after deleting material that you do not deem pertinent to the trial d. refuse to provide the records, citing the principles of the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists

Answer 102

102. B Whenever a person raises his/her mental status or mental condition as an issue in a legal matter, privilege is waived and the client cannot deny the court access to psychotherapy records or the therapist's testimony.

Question 103

103. You and your husband have recently divorced and you notice yourself "taking the wife's side" when you do couple's counseling. You should: a. seek supervision b. enroll in a treatment center c. see only the female part of the marital dyad for now d. terminate your practice until you can deal with your personal problem

Answer 103

103. A Psychologists have an obligation to be alert to signs of, and to obtain assistance for their personal problems at an early stage, in order to prevent significantly impaired performance."

Question 104

104. You have a client who is a famous artist. Rather than pay for her sessions, she would like to give you one of her paintings. She knows the commercial selling value and thus you could determine the fee appropriately. You should: a. agree to this since there is an agreed upon market value b. keep to your already established fee c. agree to this, but only buy the painting through her dealer. d. refuse; her art is modern and you are more of a traditionalist

Answer 104

104. B The fact that your client wants to "give" you a painting may hint at clinically relevant material to be explored. Until you can be sure that the exchange would not be clinically contraindicated, it is best to err on the side of caution.

Question 105

105. In regard to psychotherapist-patient sex, which of the following statements is true? a. Although sex with a current patient is prohibited, sex with a former patient is ethical. b. Sex with a former patient is ethical, so long as at least two years has passed since the termination of the therapeutic relationship c. Sex with a former patient may be acceptable so long as B above is true and the therapist can demonstrate, in light of all relevant factors, that the patient has not been harmed or exploited. d. Sex with a current or former patient is unethical regardless of the circumstances.

Answer 105

105. C Even after the two year interval, psychologists cannot have sex with a former client except in very rare instances when the psychologist can demonstrate, in light of all releva

Question 106

106. In most states, the legal criteria used in determining whether or not a person can be involuntarily hospitalized focuses on: a. whether or not the person has a mental disorder b. the person's ability to regulate his or her own life c. whether it is in the person's best interests to stay in the hospital d. danger to self or others

Answer 106

106. D According to federal court rulings, a state cannot involuntarily confine an individual merely because he or she is suffering from a mental illness. Instead the mental illness must pose a danger to self or others.

Question 107

107. Job analysis refers to the process of a. determining the specific skills and behaviors that are required for doing a given job effectively b. determining the job aptitudes of incumbents that distinguish successful from unsuccessful people c. screening job applicants for a given job based upon the results of a job-related assessment measure. d. presenting the job equities and inequities to the job applicants.

Answer 107

107. A A job analysis describes, in specific terms, the precise nature of the component tasks performed by workers on a particular job. As part of the process, the analysis will identify the skills, knowledge, and experience needed to perform the job satisfactorily.

Question 108

108. According to Herzberg's two-factor theory of job satisfaction, a. hygiene factors are more related to worker dissatisfaction than to worker satisfaction b. motivators and hygiene factors vary from occupation to occupation, with blue collar workers being more influenced by hygiene factors than by motivators c. motivators include job security and job pay d. motivators include working conditions and recognition

Answer 108

108. A Herzberg's two-factor theory divides factors influencing job satisfaction and dissatisfaction into two types: hygiene and motivators. Hygiene factors (i.e., lower level needs including pay, safety, and benefits) produce dissatisfaction when they are not present, but have no effect on satisfaction when they are present. Motivators (i.e., meaningful work) produce satisfaction when present, but have no effect on dissatisfaction when absent.

Question 109

109. In the selection of employees, a company uses a particular test that has moderate predictive validity. The company hires applicants scoring above the mean on the test, but this cutoff score has resulted in an unacceptably high percentage of "false positives" (i.e., employees who are expected to succeed, but don't). A useful strategy to obtain a higher proportion of "true positives" using the same test would be a. raise the cutoff score b. lower the cutoff score c. change the criterion measure d. increase the number of applicants

Answer 109

109. A Raising the predictor cutoff score is a useful way of reducing the proportion of false positives. The people who succeed on the more stringent measure are more likely to succeed on the job.

Question 110

110. Research carried out by McClelland and Atkinson suggests that people who are high in need for achievement (nAch) prefer tasks of a. moderate difficulty with performance feedback b. high difficulty without performance feedback c. low difficulty without performance feedback d. high difficulty with performance feedback

Answer 110

110. A People with a high need for achievement prefer tasks of moderate difficulty (tasks that are too difficult may frustrate them, tasks to easy may not provide a sense of accomplishment).

Question 111

111. A mechanical reasoning test has been shown to have very high (.8) validity for male and lower (.4) validity for female applicants for a position as a drill press operator. If the company hs to ensure that the same proportion of individuals from each gender who are hired will be successful on the job, the company will have (assuming legality is not an issue) a. require a higher cutoff score for female applicants b. give all women compensatory training c. reasses the criterion measure d. use a test of verbal aptitude for women

Answer 111

111. A If a predictor has only a moderate correlation with job performance, it will not be accurate at predicting one's status on the criterion (i.e., job performance). In such a case, choosing only those who score extremely high on the predictor will increase the chance that scores on the criterion (i.e., job performance) will be adequate.

Question 112

112. An industrial corporation has developed five new rules in an effort to increase worker safety. Probably the most effective method for transmission of the rules would be to a. include the rules with the workers paychecks b. prepare the workers for an important announcement, then post the rules on numerous bulletin boards c. have the foreman pass out the rules and discuss them at a regularly scheduled meeting d. use the "grapevine" to arouse interest and speculation; then have supervisors announce the rules one week later.

Answer 112

112. C Safety experts generally agree that training is the single most effective technique for bringing about safe work behaviors. A discussion of the rules at a regularly scheduled meeting is the best way to ensure that all the workers will be aware of and understand those rules.

Question 113

113. As a junior college counselor, your first choice of a vocational interest test to administer to a very bright 20-year old woman would be a. Strong Interest Inventory b. General Aptitude Test Battery c. Kuder Occupational Interest Survey d. Kuder Vocational Preference Record

Answer 113

113. A The Strong Interest Inventory is the appropriate interest inventory to administer to individuals interested in business and professional occupations.

Question 114

114. Tests of psychomotor abilities for job selection procedures a. have not been reliably constructed b. can be easily substituted for each other because of a common factor c. are useful as predictors in a wide range of jobs and environments d. must be very specific to the jobs being selected for.

Answer 114

114. D When using a psychomotor test to predict job performance, one must ensure that the abilities assessed by the test are the exact abilities required to perform the job.

Question 115

115. For personnel hiring programs, a test with low validity (e. g., 30) is considered adequate as long as a. selection ratios are high b. selection ratios are low c. reliability figures are high d. drop-out ratios are low

Answer 115

115. B Utility of a job selection test refers to the benefit an organization accrues from using the test as compared to not using the test. A low selection ratio (i.e., ratio of job openings to job applicants) is one factor that increases the utility of a job selection measure. A low selection ratio then can compensate for a low validity coefficient and the test may still be considered adequate.

Question 116

116. For effective administration of a six scientist laboratory that is oriented toward new product development, which of the following types of communication networks (structures) should the administrator prefer? a. centralized b. decentralized c. moderately centralized d. moderately decentralized

Answer 116

116. B Decentralized communication networks, or those in which communication does not flow through only one person, are more effective than centralized networks for accomplishing complex tasks in an organization.

Question 117

117. The quality and quantity of work produced by a group tends to be lowest with which of the following styles of leadership? a. democratic b. autocratic c. employee-centered d. laissez-faire

Answer 117

117. D Under laissez-faire leadership, subordinates make their own decisions with little or now guidance from the leader. Under this type of leadership, satisfaction and productivity are lower than under autocratic or democratic leadership.

Question 118

118. Interest inventories are least useful in predicting a. job performance b. job choice c. job satisfaction d. job persistence

Answer 118

118. A Interest inventories have moderate validity for predicting variables related to job satisfaction and job choice. They have little to no validity in predicting job performance or job success.

Question 119

119. Research on applicability of Maslow's hierarchy theory to the workplace suggests that a. the theory seems to apply very well to industrial settings b. the theory seems to apply well only for lower level workers. c. the theory seems to apply well only at higher levels of the hierarchy d. the theory does not apply very well to workplace settings

Answer 119

119. D Overall, research suggests that Maslow's hierarchy of needs does not apply all that well to the workplace. For instance, research has refuted Maslow's notion that needs lose motivating value after they have been fulfilled.

Question 120

120. Which of the following is not true of the force-choice (FC) method of employee evaluation? a. FC inventories are very costly to develop b. FC inventories may increase dissatisfaction among raters because the prevent raters from deciding for themselves who is a "good" employee and who is a "bad" one c. As compared to other methods of worker evaluation, FC method has low validity d. FC decreases the probability that criterion contamination will occur.

Answer 120

120. C Contrary to choice C, FC is a relatively valid method of evaluation since it prevents raters from injecting their own biases into the process. The other choices are true.

Question 121

121. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales include ______ as items. a. critical incidents b. negative job behaviors, but not positive ones c. positive job behaviors, but not negative ones d. Likert scale type questions

Answer 121

121. A On BARS, each item is a series of critical incidents with each incident tied to a a numerical point on a scale.

Question 122

``` 122. One advantage of biodata as a selection tool is that it is particularly useful for: a. predicting job satisfaction b. predicting job interest c. predicting job turnover d. predicting job nepotism ```

Answer 122

122. C | Biodata is particularly useful in predicting job turnover.

Question 123

123. Which of the following would be an example of vestibule training? a. interest inventory testing b. giving someone a training manual c. in-basket, out-basket d. having new employees attend a series of informative lectures

Answer 123

123. C Vestibule training involves training in a physical replication of simulation of the actual work environment and conditions.

Question 124

124. Fiedler's Contingency Theory or LPC proposes a. that a leader's effectiveness is determined by a combination of the leader's style and the characteristics of the situation. b. subordinate's motivation is maximized when they perceive that the leader is helping them achieve their goals. c. leaders are described in terms of task and relationship orientation. d. a distinction between transformational and transactional leaders.

Answer 124

124. A Fiedler believed a leader's effectiveness could be determined by his style and the situation in which he found himself.

Question 125

``` 125. Which of the following is not one of Holland's personality types? a. Artistic b. Investigative c. Scientific d. Realistic ```

Answer 125

125. C Holland's 6 personality types include:realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional (RIASEC).

Question 126

126. Super's theory of career development is based on the assumption that a. career development can be described in terms of a predictable sequence of stages. b. personality variables and occupational environments are of interest c. vocational choice is linked to children's experience with their parents d. there is a hierarchy of needs that impacts our vocational choice

Answer 126

126. A | Super discussed a series of stages in career development.

Question 127

127. Adverse impact, a selection procedure that produces a substantially different rate of selection for different groups that are defined on the basis of gender, race, age, etc., can be determined mathematically using the a. 30% rule b. 60% rule c. 80% rule d. 90% rule

Answer 127

127. C Adverse impact is determined mathematically using the 30% rule. Adverse impact occurs when the selection rate for a minority group is less than 80% of the selection rate of the majority group.

Question 128

128. Chin and Benne divide planned change in organizations into three types: a. autocratic, consultative, group decision b. instrumental, supportive, participative c. empirical-rational, normative-reeducative, power-coercive d. decision making, career path, responsibility

Answer 128

128. C Chin and Benn's three types of organizational change are: empirical-rational (people are rational if given pertinent information they will act in their self interest), normative-reeducative (social norms underlie patterns of behavior), and power-coercive (strategies involving the use of rewards)

Question 129

129. You are hired by a large corporation with many branch offices and are asked to develop a program to help employees in all branches quit smoking. As a psychologist familiar with the literature in this area, you are most likely to a. institute a competition between branches and meet with employees regularly to help them develop and monitor stepwise treatment plans b. reimburse employees for tx at a smoking reduction clinic c. provide employees with information about the negative effects of smoking d. have the personnel manager inform employees that salaries will be reduced for those who do not quit smoking

Answer 129

129.A Choice A includes many empirically supported components: competition (increased motivation), clinical intervention, and extended contact. Contest with specific incentives have generally been found to be more effective than other methods designed to induce employees to reach specific goals.

Question 130

130. To identify "critical incidents" you would a. have employees identify what they like most about their work b. have supervisors identify work-related behaviors that are associated with outstanding and inferior performance c. have supervisors identify "critical points" in each worker's tenure on the job d. have personnel managers identify what characteristics of job applicants they consider in making their hiring decisions.

Answer 130

130. B Ask supervisors to observe employees and identify specific behaviors associated with particularly effective and ineffective job performance.

Question 131

131. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement produces a fairly even rate of performance during acquisition and would also be fairly resistant to extinction? a. rewarding every 5th response b. rewarding a response every 5-minutes c. rewarding responses randomly d. rewarding every response

Answer 131

131. C A variable ratio schedule produces behavior that is more resistant to extinction.

Question 132

132. One of the distinguishing marks of latent learning is that a. it never affects the organism's overt behavior patterns b. it occurs only in man, being dependent on language c. behavioral consequences appear only at a later time d. it depends on secondary, rather than primary, reinforcement

Answer 132

132. C Edward Tolman, rats allowed to roam maze, but they did not display the ability to solve the maze until food was placed at the end of the path. Learning was latent in that it did not immediately manifest in behavior until there was incentive to do so.

Question 133

133. If a well designed and properly executed experiment found that 30-min of exercise made it more difficult to memorize an 8-line poem afterwards, then it could be said that the effects of exercise on memorization demonstrates a. retroactive inhibition b. negative chaining c. proactive inhibition d. unintended forgetting

Answer 133

133. C Proactive inhibition occurs when memory for stimuli (the 8 line poem) is interfered with by a previous task or activity.

Question 134

134. Regarding the process of modeling and observational learning, which statement is true? a. introducing a positive incentive has little or no effect upon the probability that an observed behavior will be performed b. Models who are consumers of reinforcement are imitated more often by children than models who dispense reinforcement c. Regardless of whether or not a model is punished immediately after he performs a given behavior, the behavior is just as likely to be imitated. d. It is possible for learning to occur without reinforcement or behavioral practice.

Answer 134

134. D According to social learning theory, it is possible to learn a behavior simply by watching a model perform it.

Question 135

135. The distinction between punishment and negative reinforcement is: a. with punishment, a stimulus presented following a response decreases the response's frequency, while negative reinforcement involves removing a stimulus to decrease the response frequency. b. with punishment, a stimulus is presented following a response to decrease the response's frequency, while negative reinforcemet involves removing a stimulus to increase the response's freq. c. both involve removing a stimulus following a response, which decreases the freq of the responses. d. both involve presenting a stimulus following a response, which decreases the frequency of the response.

Answer 135

135. B Neg Reinf = removing a stimulus (usually aversive) following a behavior in order to increase future freq of the behavior Punishment = adding a stimulus (usually aversive) following a response to decrease the future freq of the behavior

Question 136

136. Satiation, as practiced by behavior therapists, is most similar to which of the following techniques practiced by family therapists? a. prescribing the symptom b. reframing c. doubling d. family sculpture

Answer 136

136. A Satiation involves having someone engage in the problem behavior until that behavior loses its reinforcing properties. Prescribing the symptom asks family members to engage in the problem behavior in order to weaken their resistance to treatment.

Question 137

``` 137. Scalloped responding occurs with which type of reinforcement schedule? a. variable ratio b. variable interval c. fixed ratio d. fixed interval ```

Answer 137

137. D The scallop on fixed interval schedules refers to the low rate of responding seen right after delivery of the reinforcement and the escalation of responding near the time of the next reinforcement delivery.

Question 138

138. A dog is repeatedly exposed to a light paired with food. Then, the dog is exposed to repeated pairings of that light with a tone. Eventually, presentation of the tone alone elicits salivation in the dog. This illustrates the process of: a. stimulus generalization b. the method of successive approximations c. the Premack Principle d. higher-order conditioning

Answer 138

138. D In higher order conditioning, a stimulus that had previously been a CS is paired with another neutral stimulus (NS) until that NS also comes to elicit the conditioned response.

Question 139

``` 139. Which of the following techniques involves the lost opportunity for reinforcement? a. response cost b. time-out c. overcorrection d. punishment ```

Answer 139

139. B The purpose of time-out is to deny the person access to an environment that offers the opportunity for reinforcement.

Question 140

``` 140. The technique of sensate focus is based on the behavioral principle of: a. counterconditioning b. flooding c. extinction d. mutual pleasure-giving ```

Answer 140

140. A Counterconditioning involves pairing a response targeted for elimination with an incompatible, adaptive response, so that the former is eliminated.

Question 141

141. A group of sales people is told that they will be paid on an irregular basis. In reality, they are paid after every 5th sale. This illustrates which type of reinforcement schedule? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

Answer 141

141. B Fixed ratio schedules reinforcement an organism after a set number of responses.

Question 142

``` 142. The paradigm of insight learning is associated with which of the following theorists? a. Wolpe b. Meichenbaum c. Tolman d. Kohler ```

Answer 142

142. D Kohler's experiment: good outside a chimps cage, two short sticks inside cage, chimp has "aha" idea of fitting the two sticks together to reach food.

Question 143

143. Which of the following statements is true of implosive therapy, but not true of flooding? a. it involves exposing the patient to a feared stimulus b. it is at least partially based on the principles of classical extinction. c. It is based on the principle of repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus outside the presence of an unconditioned stimulus resulting in elimination of the conditioned response. d. It is based, at least to some degree, on the principles of psychoanalytic theory

Answer 143

143. D Implosive therapy, but not flooding, involves exposure to the aspects of the feared stimulus that are believed to be related to unconscious conflicts.

Question 144

144. Theoretically, in order for counterconditioning treatment to be successful, which statement is true? a. The anxiety-provoking stimulus should be sufficiently strong to overcome the subject's reaction to the anxiety-neutralizing stimulus. b. The anxiety-neutralizing stimulus is usually presented immediately after the anxiety-evoking stimulus is presented c. The anxiety-evoking stimulus should be presented initially in attenuated forms, so that the stimulus value is less powerful than the anxiety-neutralizing stimulus d. Immediate in-vivo exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli at the highest level of intensity is much more effective than graded exposure.

Answer 144

144. C Counterconditioning involves pairing a maladaptive response (usually anxiety) with an adaptive response (usually relaxation) that is incompatible with the maladaptive response. Important to expose the person gradually to the anxiety-evoking stimuli so that the anxiety will not overwhelm the emerging relaxation response.

Question 145

145. Primary memory is equivalent to: a. secondary memory b. long-term memory c. short-term memory d. autobiographical memory

Answer 145

145. C Primary memory is most often referred to as short-term memory (remembered less than a few minutes).

Question 146

``` 146. An event that increases a behavior in either a positive or negative fashion is a(n): a. reinforcer b. punisher c. enforcer d. operant ```

Answer 146

146. A Reinforcers increase the probability of a behavior occurring again in the future.

Question 147

147. An example of the Premack Principle is: a. "Go to your room. That is an order." b. "Let me explain the rules." c. Physically guiding a child to pick up toys. d. "First, pick up your room, then you can go outside and play. "

Answer 147

147. D Premack = using a high probability behavior to reinforce a low probability behavior.

Question 148

148. "Thinking about thinking" is the definition of: a. a cognitive map b. feature integration c. selective attention d. metacognition

Answer 148

148. D Metacognition, thinking about thinking, refers to an individual's awareness about her own cognitive state and process.

Question 149

149. Four groups of subjects study the same list of nonsense syllables. Afterwards, group 1 study a list of similar syllables. Group 2 studies a list of dissimilar syllables. Group 3 reads a novel. Group 4 goes to sleep. On a subsequent test of recall, subjects in which group are most likely to display the best memory. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

Answer 149

149. D Interference theory would suggest that individuals who sleep would forget fewer syllables than those who remain awake since there would be less retroactive interference or subsequent learning to interfere with the learning of the syllables.

Question 150

150. Declarative memory is to procedural memory as: a. fact is to skill b. short-term is to long-term memory c. implicit is to explicit memory d. echoic is to iconic

Answer 150

150. A Choice A correctly associates declaritive memory to facts and procedural memory to skills. In choice C, the terms are reversed.

Question 151

151. After a tachistoscopic presentation of a number sequence, the person reports she is still able to "see" the image. This is an example of: a. retroactive memory b. retroactive inhibition c. iconic memory d. short-term visual memory

Answer 151

151. C Iconic memory consists of an image in the visual receptors for a very short period of time.

Question 152

``` 152. Inability to convert short-term into long-term memory is associated with damage to the: a. RAS b. hippocampus c. septum d. raphe nucleus ```

Answer 152

152. B The hippocampus is believed to be responsible for transferring information from short-term to long-term memory.

Question 153

153. Following a stroke, a patient appears to understand spoken speech, but has great difficulty speaking or writing. He is especially troubled by prepositions and finds it difficult to order his words. He has probably sustained a lesion in the: a. frontal lobe b. Broca's area c. Wernicke's area d. left parietal lobe

Answer 153

153. B Broca's area, located in the frontal cortex of the left hemisphere, is the area of the brain responsible for expressive speech.

Question 154

154. Which of the following brain structures serves as a relay station for sensory information from all sensory modalities except olfaction? a. hypothalamus b. corpus callosum c. thalamus d. hippocampus

Answer 154

154. C Sensory information (except smell) is sent to the thalamus and then projected to the cerebral cortex. Olfactory information is sent directly to the cortex.

Question 155

155. In the depressed patient, which of the central nervous system neurotransmitters listed below is most likely to be at a below average level? a. GABA b. acetylcholine c. endorphin d. serotonin

Answer 155

155. D Low levels of serotonin (as well as norepinephrine) have been associated with depression. Newer antidepressants (e.g., Zoloft, Prozac) exert their effects on brain serotonin levels.

Question 156

156. Which of the following is true of the laws governing a nerve cell or neuron? a. The intensity of the neuron's activity varies directly with the electrical activity inside the neuron. b. When a certain level of electrical activity is reached inside the neuron, a neuron fires at its maximum intensity. If the electrical activity is below that level, the neuron does not fire. c. When exposed to an intense stimulus, such as intense pain, an individual neuron will send out a stronger signal than when exposed to a weaker stimulus. d. Electrical activity inside a neuron has nothing to do with the neuron's behavior.

Answer 156

156. B Neuron's function on a "all or nothing" law. When electrical activity reaches a certain threshold (action potential) the neuron fires at maximum strength. Increasing the electrical charge above the AP does not increase the magnitude of the neuron's signal.

Question 157

157. Which of the following is concerned chiefly with the preparation of smooth muscles and glands for emergency situations? a. autonomic nervous system b. central nervous system c. sympathetic nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 157

157. C The autonomic nervous system consists of two branches: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Sympathetic mobilizes the body's resources for "fight or flight". Parasympathetic deactivates the organ systems activated in the fight of flight response.

Question 158

``` 158. The neurotransmitter most associated with voluntary muscle movements is: a. norepinephrine b. serotonin c. acetylcholine d. dopamine ```

Answer 158

158. C Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter involved in neural signals to voluntary muscles.

Question 159

159. The ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System) produces its effects on motivation by: a. channeling sensory input to the proper region of the cortex b. providing diffuse facilitation to the entire cortex c. inhibiting irrelevant input from the receptors d. providing generalized facilitation to all of the muscles

Answer 159

159. B The ARAS is involved in behavioral arousal. It screens input to the brain and provides diffuse stimulation to the entire cortex when important information must be processed.

Question 160

160. If elderly patients are given chlorpromazine for an extended period of time, the most likely side effect would be: a. tardive dyskinesia b. Parkinson's Disease c. Huntington's Chorea d. difficulties sleeping

Answer 160

160. A Tardive dyskinesia (involuntary rhythmic movements) is a side effect of neuroleptics (antipsychotic medications). Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) is a neuroleptic.