Life Span and Development Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of chromosomes
A
To carry hereditary traits children inherit from their parents
2
Q
How many chromosomes are there
A
There are 46 total chromosomes
23 from the mother’s ovum
23 from the father’s sperm
3
Q
What is a genotype
A
An individual’s complete genetic makeup, including traits in
recessive genes
4
Q
What is a phenotype
A
An individual’s expressed characteristics (green eyes, red
hair)
5
Q
What are carriers
A
Traits that are in our genotype but unexpressed as a
phenotype
6
Q
What is a dominant-recessive trait
A
One gene pair is dominant and controls the trait.
The recessive gene is in the genotype but not part of the
phenotype
7
Q
What are polygenic traits
A
Produced by interaction of many traits
8
Q
What 2 things must happen to have a trait become a
Phenotype
A
2 levels of interaction must occur
1 Gene-Gene Interaction
2 Gene-Environment interaction
9
Q
In a dominant-recessive pattern, what controls the trait
A
One gene pair is dominant and controls the trait
Recessive gene is in genotype, not part of phenotype
10
Q
An example of dominant-recessive pattern is
A
Brown eyed father
Blue eyed mother (brown eye gene)
Hypothetically, 1 in 4 chance child will have blue eyes
3 in 4 chance children will have brown
11
Q
Incomplete dominance
A
The phenotype is not completely controlled by the gene.
The gene does not completely control the trait
12
Q
Where are X-linked genes located
A
On the X chromosomes
13
Q
Where would a disease that is X linked be obtained from
A
The mother
14
Q
Monozygotic twins occur when
A
One zygote splits and forms two identical clusters. Also
known as identical twins with identical genes
15
Q
Dizygotic twins occur when
A
Two ova are fertilized by two separate sperm around the
same period
16
Q
How often do Monozygotic births occur
A
About 1 in every 270 pregnancies
17
Q
How often do Dizygotic births occur
A
About 1 in every 60 births
18
Q
Chromosomal abnormalities are
A
When a baby is born with an abnormal number of
chromosomes 45, 47 or more. Occurs in 1 out of 200 births
19
Q
Characteristics of Down syndrome
A
Involves an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Has characteristics such as thick tongue, round face, slanted
eyes, short limbs, also slow to develop
20
Q
Down syndrome
A
Is also known as trisomy 21. It is the most common
chromosomal abnormality
Involves an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Characteristics: thick tongue, round face, slanted eyes, short
limbs, slow to develop
21
Q
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
A
Involves abnormal ingestion of protein. Occurs in 1 out 500 births, 1 in 100 European Americans mainly of Norwegian decent It is caused by a recessive gene Can be prevented through diet Can be prenatally detected
22
Q
Kleinfelter syndrome
A
Sufferers have an XXY chromosomal pattern
The individual has a seemingly male appearance, secondary
sex characteristics are not present
23
Q
Fragile X syndrome
A
Involves part of the X chromosome attached thinly, ready to
break off.
Caused by mutated gene that contains A DNA sequence
CGG that is repeated 200 times, nl is 30
24
Q
What are the domains of development
A
The biosocial domain includes brain, body changes and
influences that guide them
Cognitive, includes thought process, perceptual abilities,
language mastery
Psychosocial, includes personality, emotions, interpersonal
ie., family, friends
25
Bronfenbrenner
Focus on external factors, proposed that ecological approach
was best.
Devised ecological model that surround the individual
26
Ecological model parts
Macrosystem-Cultural values, customs, social conditions,
Exosystem-Mass media, community, schools
Microsystem-Family, peers, classroom
Mesosystem LINK between each
27
Cohort
Group of people born within a few years of each other.
| Have same options, priorities and constraints
28
Hereditary-Environment Debate
Also called maturation-learning debate
Focusses on answering how much of any pattern or trait is
determined by genetic factors and by environmental
influences
29
Nature
Includes range of abilities, limitations and traits ie., eye
color, blood type, inherited disease.
Also intellectual, personality traits as skills with numbers,
sociability, depression
30
Nurture
Environmental influences that happen after conception, ie.,
mother's health during pregnancy, all experiences ie., culture,
community, family, school
31
Scientific method
```
1 Formulate research question
2 Develop hypothesis
3 Test hypothesis
4 Drawn conclusions
5 Make findings known
```
32
Naturalistic observation
When subjects are watched in their natural environment, ie.,
| home, school
33
laboratory observation
Act of watching and recording what people do in certain
| situations
34
Independent variables
Controlled by the scientist, values to be used are determined
prior to experiment
35
Variables
Major part of experiments, have at least 2 values and can
| refer to qualities, conditions, behaviors, traits or events
36
Experimental and Control group
The group exposed to the treatment or condition =
Experimental
Control = Not exposed
37
The scientist controls what type of variable
Independent
38
An experimental research considers what causes
Psychological experiences
Behavioral changes
Physiological processes
39
To discover the reasons people change and the reason they
stay the same, developmental research is conducted utilizing
what two research designs
Cross-sectional research
| Longitudinal research
40
Cross sectional research is
A research that works with groups of subjects of different
| ages but who are similar
41
Longitudinal research is
When the same group is observed for a certain length of time
42
Sequential research is
The use of both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods
together - Also called Cross-sequential, sequential,
time-sequential
43
Two of the most prominent aspects of ethics in research are
Informed consent-Scientist must explain
| Privacy-Information from subject must be kept confidential
44
Deception is
Used to decrease subject bias, meaning the subject is not told
they are being studied or not given the real reason for the
study
45
Ethology is defined
As the study of the natural unfolding of animal behavior
46
Who was Bowlby
A human ethology researcher, who considered attachment
behavior - Loss of proximity to the object of attachment
produces anxiety (ex: mother-infant attachment)
47
What is psychoanalytic theory
Considers human development in terms of intrinsic drives
| and motives
48
Who were Vaillant and Levinson
Psychoanalytic theorists who believed human intrinsic drives
and motives to be the basis for universal stages of
development
49
Vaillant studied
Pessimistic explanatory styles of depressed people and came
to the conclusion that these people blame unpleasant events
to something of themselves
50
Freud was
Founder of psychoanalysis
51
According to Freud, the mind is separated by 3 levels which
| are
Conscious - Mental experiences that can be recalled
Preconscious - Memories and perceptions can be recalled at
will
Unconscious - Bottom layer of feelings and memories cannot
be recalled at will
52
The 3 structures of personality as defined by Freud are
The Id - Symbol of unconscious, contains inherent biological
drives
The Ego - Focuses on reality principle, guides individuals to
express sexual, aggressive impulses
The Superego - Contains the conscious, gives individuals
extreme feelings of guilt
53
Psychosexual stages defined by Freud
0-1 ORAL - weaning single most important behavior
1-3 ANAL - toilet training
3-6 PHALLIC - pleasure from genitalia
7-11 LATENCY - friendship and social skills
12-Adult GENITAL - focus of pleasurable feelings
54
Erickson viewed unconscious and early childhood as
| important, his focus was
Psychosocial development
| Proposed 8 developmental stages
55
The 8 Stages of Erickson
```
0-1 Trust-Mistrust
2-3 Autonomy-Shame + doubt
4-5 Initiative-Guilt
6-11 Industry-Inferiority
12-18 Identity-Role confusion
Young Adult Intimacy-Isolation
Middle Adult Generativity-Stagnation
Late Adult Integrity-Despair
```
56
Watson studied
Behaviorism - Declared that to make psychology a true
science, the things that could be seen and measured should
be studied
57
Pavlov was known for
Classical conditioning
His experiment involved a dog, a bell and food
Concluded that if bell sounded before hungry dog given
food, dog would salivate at sound of bell
Food=Unconditional stimulus
Salivation=Unconditioned response
Bell=Conditioned stimulus
Complete Process was termed classical conditioning (aka
respondent conditioning)
58
Skinner
Most influential supporter of learning theory,
| Father of operant conditioning
59
Types of Reinforcement
Positive-Presence of an event that increases behavior
Negative-Strengthens a behavior by the negation of an
unpleasant event
60
Punishment
An event that decreased the likelihood of a response
| happening again
61
Positive reinforcement example
Train a dog to retrieve newspapers and giving it with a
| reward once object is returned
62
Negative reinforcement
| example
Carrying an umbrella when you know it is going to rain
| therefore avoiding getting wet
63
Thorndike
Law of effect, animals repeat responses but not punished
| responses
64
Bandura
Most influential researcher for the alternative theory to
operant conditioning-social learning theory.
Individuals can demonstrate learned responses from
observing others
65
Maslow
```
5 tiered hierarchy of needs
Physio
Safety
Belonging & love needs
Esteem
Self actualization
First 4 are deficiency needs
```
66
Case & Bruner (Infants & young children)
| Piaget (Cognitive dvlp theory)
Infant-Sensorimotor (senses, motor)
2-Preoperational-Think symbolically
School age-Concrete operational-Think logically
Adolescent & Adult-Formal operational-Think on many
planes, hypothetically, abstractly, speculative
Postformal-5th stage-allows adults to solve real world
problems
67
Vygotsky
More value than Piaget on influence of social experience on
cog dvlp
Language single most important means of learning
Proposed ZPD (Zone of proximal development) range of
skills that can be used without assistance versus what can be
obtained with help
68
Brofenbrenner
```
Ecological approach best solution to studying human
development.
Remember
Macrosystem-Cultural values
Exosystem-Media
Microsystem-Family
Mesosystem-Link between each
Microsystem
```
69
reflexive behavior
Coughing, blinking, seeking a nipple when cheeks are
| touched
70
Neurons
Nerve cells of the CNS present at birth
71
Axons
Nerve fibers that transmit impulses from neurons to
| dendrites
72
Dendrites
Nerve fibers that interconnect neurons and receive impulses
| transmitted from one neuron to another via their axons
73
Physiological states
Refers to levels of physiological arousal
74
Quiet sleep
When breathing is slow and regular
75
Active sleep
When facial muscles move and breathing is somewhat
| irregular with some rapid breathing
76
Alert wakefulness
When breathing is regular and the infant's eyes are bright
77
Gross motor and fine motor skills
Gross =large body movements
| Fine = Small body movements
78
Reflexes
Involuntary responses to particular stimuli
79
Three sets of reflexes necessary for life
Breathing
Sucking
Rooting
80
Other reflexes important to development not for survival
Moro-Flings arms out and back
Babinkski-Big toe will turn inward when feet stroked
Plantar-Toe flex (6 weeks of age)
Stepping-Like walking (3-6 wks)
81
Stimulus to the sensory system causes
Sensation response ie, hearing
82
Perception
Mental processing of sensory information ie, brain trying to
make sense of sensation
Perception=Putting it all together
83
Eyesight
Least developed sense at birth
84
Binocular vision
Both eyes focus on same thing
| About 14 wks
85
Newborn weight doubles within first few months of dvlp
Requires feeding 3-4 hrs around clock
86
Breast milk contains
More iron and Vit A and C than cow's milk
Contains antibodies against some diseases
Hormones to regulate certain functions
87
Marasamus
Infant does not get necessary nourishment needed to sustain
| life
88
Kwashiokor
Lack of protein, characterized by bloating in face, legs and
| abdomen
89
Sensorimotor stage
Cognitive development which begins in infancy
90
Babbling
Universal among infants regardless of culture
91
Motherese
High pitched baby talk with a simplified vocabulary, shorter
| sentences and low to high fluctuations
92
Schema
Piaged used the term to explain a mental model that an infant
forms to help make sense of the characteristics of people
93
Assimilation
Fitting information into a infant's current schema
94
Accomodation
Revising infant's schema to fit new information
95
Object permanence
The awareness that objects exist even though they may be no
longer in view
Ex: Baby will understand that when mom goes out into
another room that she will eventually come back
96
Intermodal perception
Using more than 1 sense
97
Cross-modal perception
The ability to use information from one sensory modality to
| imagine something in another
98
Language mastering
Usually occurs at 4 to 5 years.
Babbling=phonemes
1st year 1 word
20 months = 20 words
99
Perceptual constancy
Awareness that size and shape are always constant despite
changes in appearance due to location-occurs usually at 6
months
100
Reversal
By 8th month, will demonstrate goal oriented behavior by
looking at an object taken out of view
Reversal, allows the babies to reverse the situation
101
Underextend
Babies use words to refer to a narrow category of objects
102
Overextend
When babies use a word to describe everything with similar
characteristics, ie dog may be used for everything with four
legs
103
Self awareness
Occurs in late infancy, around 15 to 24 months
104
Personality
Unique patterns of thoughts and behaviors
105
Learning theory
Personality is learned, means that it is molded through
| reinforcement by parents
106
Temperament
Inherent part of a person which regulate how activity,
| reactivity, emotionality and sociability are expressed
107
Attachment
Seeking closeness to feel secure, usually the mother who
creates security and provides the needs for the baby to
explore his/her environment
108
Strange situation study
Investigated attachments babies make at about 1 yr old
Securely attached-friendly to strangers
Insecurely attached avoidant-Baby did not notice when mom
in room, not upset when mom leaves
Insecurely attached resistant-baby remains close to mom
Insecurely attached disoriented-baby unsure how to behave
with mom
109
Most common problem during preschool years in developed
| countries
Iron deficiency
This is due to lack of meats, whole grains and dark leafy
green vegetables.
Anemia 3x more prevalent in poor
110
Number one cause of childhood death
```
Accidents
23% of accidental deaths
Poisoning
Choking
Drowning
```
111
Brain development
90% of brain life size by age 6
112
Egocentrism
Viewing the world from someone's own perspective.
Preschoolers most affected
Usually overcomed by preoperational stage
Ex: child in group talking loud
Standing in front of someone not aware that their view is
blocked
Talking about family excluding self
113
Three principles observed by preschoolers
Stable order-Numbers are said in a certain order
One-to-one-Each number is assigned only 1 number
Cardinal-The last number is the total
114
Semiotic function
According to Piaget, a child develops the ability to use
| words, gestures and signs
115
Preoperational and symbolic thought according to Piaget
Symbolic thought involves the ability to use words, images,
| and symbols to correspond to his or her surroundings
116
Vygotsky's theory
Students with support structure guide them have better
| cognitive development
117
Zone of Proximal Development
| ZPD
The difference between what a child can do on his or her
| own versus what can be obtained with help
118
Language development-Grammar
Grammar is the structure, techniques and rules used for
| communication.
119
Headstart
Early childhood program which was started in 1965.
Program for low SES. Results were improved achievement
scores, junior high students less likely to repeat yr or go to
SPED
120
Self concept
Is apparent throughout childhood
121
Initiative and Autonomy according to Erikson
Going from autonomy vs shame to initiative vs guilt, a child
either develops initiative to do things on own, or feels guilty
when fails, or is criticized
122
Gender identity and gender role according to Freud
Freud believed phallic stage occurs (3 & 7 yrs)
Oedipal complex-Boys for their mothers
Electra-Girls for their fathers
123
Baumrind
parenting styles
Authoritarian-Strict, sets guidelines
Permissive-No demands, guidelines extremely flexible
Authoritative-Parents who run in the middle-Listen to
children's requests, make compromises
124
Sibling relationships
Longest and most intense due to both sex and age
| Same sex, close age usually love-hate relationship
125
Only child
More verbal, creative, may lack social skills. However will
| develop social skills when involved with group
126
Peers and play
Important aspect in developing social skills
127
Unoccupied behavior
Observe but do not participate
128
Solitary play
Play alone, no effort to interact with others
129
Onlooker play
Observe, don't participate but might make comments
130
Parallel play
Play independently same toys are others nearby
131
Associated play
Play in disorganized manner
132
Cooperative play
Play with others in organized fashion
133
Functional play
Simple repetitive motions with or without toys
134
Constructive play
Use objects to create things
135
Dramatic play
Use imaginary situations to play a game
136
Play and lower SES children
Used more parallel and functional play than middle class
137
Stability
Major determining factor in child's ability to cope with
| divorce or separation
138
Impact of daycare
Social development
More self reliance
More cooperative with peers
More comfortable in new situations
139
Avoidant responses
Fears that are connected to certain objects or stimuli lead to
avoidant responses
140
Fears
Are unpredictable regardless of childhood
| Are acquired through identification or observation
141
Motor skills - Reaction time
Time needed for a person to respond to stimulus
142
Autism
Named infantile autism
Two primary symptoms:
1. Extreme isolation 1st, 2nd yr of life
2. Obsessive insistence on preservation of samEness
143
Dyslexia
Difficulty in mastering basic academic skills
No deficit in intelligence or deficit in sensory functions.
Disability in reading
144
Dyscalcula
Unusual difficulty in math
145
Mainstreaming
Putting children with special needs in with other normal
| children. No segregation
146
Inclusion
Children participate in a normal classroom with specialized
| instruction from their teacher (trained in special ed)
147
Meds for ADHD
Ritalin - Shorter acting
Conserta
Adderral
148
Convergent and Divergent thinkers
Convergent-responding in expected ways
Divergent-thinking in unusual ways that could be
misconstrued
149
Selective attention
Ability to concentrate on relevant information and ignore
| distractions
150
Memory storage strategies
Allow information to be stored for future use
151
Rehearsal
Repeating information to be remembered
152
Reorganization
Regrouping of information to make it more memorable
153
Concrete operational thought
According to Piaget, this is the most important achievement
in middle school
Stage marked by:
1. Recognition of logical stability of the real world
2. Objects can change, original characteristics stay the same
3. Changes can be reversed
154
Sternberg 3 types of intelligence
Academic-measured through IQ
Creative-shown by imagination
Practical-shown in every day actions
155
Howard Gardner 7 types of intelligence
1. Linguistic-language
2. Logical mathematical-analyze and solve
3. Musical-compose, play music
4. Spatial-perceive and arrange subjects in situation
5. Social understanding-functions in social settings
6. Self understanding-be self aware and independent
156
Biggest influence on child's self esteem
Peers
157
Aggression & aggressive behavior
Whenever an individual is blocked from reaching a goal.
There is a biological basis for aggression
social learning theorists feel that aggression is learned by
observation or imitation
158
Hormonal changes are initiated by
The hypothalamus
159
Gonad releasing hormone (GnRH)
Produced at onset of puberty to increase activity in gonads
160
Growth hormone
Most important cause of the adolescent growth spurt.
| Produced by pituitary
161
Growth in height for females and males during puberty
Females 3.5 inches
| Males 4 inches
162
Gateway drugs
```
Lead to other drug use or abuse
Those include:
Tobacco
Alcohol
Marijuana
```
163
Sexual abuse
A time when someone engages in a sexual act without the
| other person's consent
164
Childhood sexual abuse
Any erotic act that arouses an adult but excites, confuses, or
shames a child
165
According to Elkind adolescent egocentrism
Leads young people to focus on themselves and no one else
Invicibly fable-teens imagine life as immortal
Personal fable-life is unique, heroic, mythical
Imaginary audience-creates a fantasy..believe people are
constantly thinking and evaluating their life
166
Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral reasoning
```
Respondents were asked to answer the question. "why
shouldn't you steal from a store
Level 1 Preconventional
Level 2 Conventional
Level 3 Postconventional
```
167
Kohlberg's 3 levels
Level 1 Preconventional-interest lies in getting rewarded not
punished
Stage 1 Unquestionable obedience
Stage 2 Taking care of one's needs first
Level 2 Conventional-interest lies in special rules
Stage 3 Good girls and nice boys
Stage 4 Law and order
Level 3 Postconventional-interest in moral principles
Stage 5 Social contact
Stage 6 Universal ethical principles
168
Gilligan's belief
Females give more thought to social contexts of moral
choices and they focus on relationships.
Females have a morality of compassion and care and not a
morality of justice and judgment
169
Marcia's four identity statuses
1. Achievement-a person is unique and has self definition
2. Foreclosure-acceptance of parental values
3. Identity diffusion-confusion and uncertainty
4. Moratorium-pause in identity to allow teens to explore
alternatives
170
Most influential on adolescents
Family and friends
171
Peer relationships 3 groups
1. Individual friendships
2. Crowd-similar interests
3. Clique-group stays together due to attraction and
interpersonal relationship
172
Suicide ideation
Extensive thoughts about committing suicide.
| Very common in adolescent students
173
Schneidman belief
```
All suicides are preceded by behavioral, situational and
verbal signs:
Drastic drop in school performance
Talk of suicide
Withdrawal from family
Running away
Attempting suicide
```
174
Senescence
Between ages of 15 and 30
| State of physical decline, body less strong and efficient
175
Infertility
Inability to conceive a child after one year or more of
| intercourse without contraception
176
Factors that contribute to less sperm production
```
Drug abuse
Alcohol abuse
High fever
Cigarette smoking
Exposure to toxins or radiation
Stress
```
177
Drug use, abuse, addiction
Use = ingesting any drug
Abuse = used in a manner that is physically, cognitively, and
/or psychosocially harmful
Addiction = dependence on drugs
178
Anorexia nervosa
Person limits his/her food intake to the point of possible
| starvation
179
Bulimia nervosa
Severe eating disorder: compulsive binges on food and force self
to vomit or use laxatives
180
Cognitive changes occuring in adulthood
Postformal approach-builds on operational thinking
Psychometric approach-analyzes factors of intelligence and
examines improvement or decline
Information processing approach-storage and retrieval of
information
181
Most predominant patterns in adult thinking
Postformal thought
Aduld reasoning that focuses on problem solving and real
life concepts
Dialectical thought
Most advanced form of cognition
First stage = thesis (statement of belief)
Second stage = antithesis (statement that opposes the thesis)
182
Synthesis or 3rd stage of dialectical process
Occurs when both thesis and antithesis are considered at the
same time, becoming the 3rd stage in the dialectical thought
process
183
Levinson stages of adulthood
```
17-22 Early adult transition
18-33 Transition, cause change
22-28 First choices, love etc.
33-40 Settling down
40-45 Midlife transition, start to question
45-50 new choices made
```
184
Roger Gould
Studies stages of adulthood ages 16-60
Ranked issues of greatest importance in people's lives
Found issues involved becoming more satisfied and tolerant
of oneself
185
Spousal abuse
Common couple violence
Outbursts of yelling, insulting, physical attacks one or both
partners
Patriarchal terrorism
One partner uses a wide range of tactics to isolate, degrade
and punish the other
186
Glass ceiling
Women and minorities can only get to a certain point
187
Role buffering
Each role provides a cushion for the disappointments in the
| other roles
188
Factors affecting hearing loss
Sex
Genes
Age
Deficits start age 30 (men) 50 (women)
189
Incidental exercise
Work out 3 times a week or more for at least 30 min
190
Climacteric
Phase preceding menopause, believed to be as long as 10 yrs.
shorter menstrual cycles
varying ovulation
191
Menopause
Between ages 42 and 58
Menstrual periods stop
Estrogen prod drop
Usually dated after 1 year following the last menstrual period
192
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
Fluid
All type of learning quick and in depth
Crystallized
Accumulated learning, vocab, general info, knowledge of
scientific formulas, all part of this process
193
According to Gardner there are 7 levels of intelligence
```
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Musical-spatial
Body-kinesthetic
Social-understanding
Self-understanding
```
194
Sternberg considered multiple intelligence in 3 ways
Analytic
Planning, processing, verbal, logical skills
Creative
Intellectually flexible
Practical
Ability to adapt behavior to contextual demands of a
situation
195
Five clusters of personality termed Big 5
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness
Also gender convergence-women become more assertive and
men begin to express sadness or grief more openly
196
Grandparenthood
Remote
Involved
Companionate
197
Work related issues
```
Extrinsic
Non essential
Intrinsic
Belonging to
Altruistic
Doing it without any reward
Self centered
```
198
Ageism
Prejudice against the aged involves categorizations and
| judgments based on chronological age
199
Slower reaction times
Due to changes in neuro system
200
Eye sight statistics in older adults
80% need some sort of corrective lenses
10% OK
10% significant vision problems: cataracts, glaucoma, senile
macular degeneration
201
Biosocial domain
Brain, body changes and social influences that guide them
202
Cognitive domain
thought processes, perceptual abilities and languages mastery
203
Psychosocial domain
Personality, emotions and interpersonal relationships with
| family, friends and rest of society
204
Internal factors
Physical maturation and cognition
205
External factors
Context of development
206
Social construct
How things should be based on shared perceptions of society
| rather than objective reality
207
Cohort
A group of persons born within a few years of each other
208
Culture
Sets of values, attitudes and customs shaped and maintained
by people in a particular setting as a way to live or structure
life together
209
Robert LeVine cultural context
Middle class families give less consideration to infant
morality rates because their parental strageties focus on tech
advances and emotional independence of their children
210
Discontinuity
Earlier characteristics of children disappear while traits and
qualities emerge
211
Case study
An intensive study of one individual, involving a deep
investigation into an individual's thoughts, feelings and life
events
212
Shortcomings of case studies
Difficulty generalizing to other individuals and inability to
pinpoint exact causal factors that lead to the condition that is
under scrutiny
213
Laboratory observation
Act of watching and recording what people do in certain
| situations
214
Major disadvantage of laboratory observation
Problem of identifying the variable (any factor, condition or
component of a study that can change from one individual,
group or situation to another and affect behavior)
215
Naturalistic observation
| Advantages/disadvantages
A-Can find things not found in controlled environment
D-Results don't always predict causal relationships, to
generalize results to others not easily determined
216
Laboratory observation major disadvantage
ID the variable such as any factor, condition or component of
a study that can change from one individual, group or
situation to affect behavior
217
Positive correlation
| Negative correlation
ID whether 2 variables are related to each other
POS = Both variables increase of decrease
NEG = One increases, other decreases
218
Survey when used
When needing to generate a considerable amt of information
about individuals about personal characteristics, life
experiences, attitudes, opinions and behaviors
219
Hypothesis
A prediction of the outcome of a study in order to answer
| research questions
220
To describe, predict and control relationships, research
| methods used are
Case study
Observation
Survey
Correlation
221
Correlation and causation
Not same.
222
Experimental research
Considers causes of
Psychological experiences
Behavioral changes
Physiological processes
223
Sequential Research =
Cross-sequential
Cohort
Time
Many different groups, different ages
| Differentiate findings with age versus time period
224
Turner's syndrome
Individual born with 1 sex chromosome (XO)
Characteristics: Learning disabled (math, science)
Difficulty recognizing facial emotion
Short
Secondary sex characteristics do not develop (menstruation,
breasts)
Often have webbed neck
225
Prenatal development phases
Germinal - First 14 days
Embryonic - 3rd to 8th wk
Fetal - 9th wk to birth
226
Organs functional
At end of 7th month
227
Teratogens
```
Substances, ie drugs, alcohol
Diseases, ie rubella (measles)
Drugsm ie tetracycline, anticoagulants, bromides, phenobarb,
some hormones
OTC ie, antacids, aspirin, diet pills
```
228
Drugs that will slow down growth of fetus
Alcohol, cocaine, cigarettes, heroin, LSD, methadone,
| marijuana
229
Low birth weight
Any infant weighing less than 2,500 grams (5.5 lbs) at birth
230
Apgar
Scale 1 to 10
Administered 1 min and 5 min after birth
Measures: HR, RR, muscle tone, color, reflexes
231
Brazelton
Scale to assess behavioral and neural functioning
