Diagnostic Testing Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
Tests
A
What are used to confirm a diagnostic, monitor illness, and provide valuable information about the client’s response to treatment.
2
Q
Platelets
A
Are cells that help blood clots
3
Q
Normal finding of platelets
A
150,000 - 400, 000 pL
4
Q
HDL-C (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol)
A
A class of lipoprotein produced by the liver and intestines. Also considered as the “Good” cholesterol.
5
Q
What is the nursing care after the procedure of UGIS or LGIS if patient is experiencing constipation after Barium sulfate?
A
Laxative
6
Q
To further enhance the excretion of Barium Sulfate?
A
Increase fluid intake
7
Q
Inform the client that stool is (answer) for (answer) hours after the procedure
A
white: 24-72 hours
8
Q
Are often routinely ordered for any client admitted in the hospital as a screening test for electrolyte and acid-based imbalances
A
Serum Electrolytes
9
Q
May be considered as a Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)
A
Serum Electrolytes
10
Q
The most commonly ordered serum tests are:
A
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Bicarbonate ions
11
Q
routinely used to evaluate renal function
A
Urea and Creatinine
12
Q
This test evaluates suspected arteriosclerosis and measures the body’s ability to metabolize fat
A
Lipoprotein profile
13
Q
An increase of Triglycerides includes…
A
Hyperlipoproteinemia, acute MI, hypertension, hypotension
14
Q
A decrease of Triglycerides includes…
A
Hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, protein malnutrition, exercise.
15
Q
How many triglycerides in 12-29 year old patients?
A
10-140 mg/oL
16
Q
How many triglycerides in 30-39 year old patients?
A
20-150 mg/oL
17
Q
How many triglycerides in 40-49 year old patients?
A
30-150 mg/oL
18
Q
How many triglycerides in >50 years old patients?
A
40-190 mg/oL
19
Q
In clients with urinary alterations, what are the visualization procedures to evaluate kidney function?
A
Kidney, Ureters, and Bladder (KUB) Intravenous Pyelography (IVP), Retrograde Pyelography
20
Q
What are the stages of Specimen Collection?
A
1) Provide client comfort, privacy and safety.
2) Explain the purpose of the specimen collection and the procedure for obtaining the specimen
3) Use the correct procedure for obtaining a specimen or ensure that the client or staff follows correct procedure.
21
Q
What is the major focus of the pretest phase?
A
Client preparation
22
Q
Prior to radiologic tests, it is important to ask female patients if (answer) is possible.
A
Pregnancy
23
Q
What is the measure of the solute concentration of the blood?
A
Serum Osmolality
24
Q
Included in serum osmolality are…
A
Sodium ions
Glucose
Urea (BUN)
25
How do you estimate serum osmolality?
Doubling the serum sodium
26
What is the purpose of a stool specimen?
To determine the presence of occult blood.
To analyze for dietary secretions.
To detect the presence of ova and parasites in stool.
To detect the presence of bacteria and viruses
27
Direct visualization using a cystoscope
Cystoscopy
28
This phase focuses on the nursing care of client and follow-up activities and observations.
Posttest
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is often conducted when a client is taking a medication with a narrow therapeutic range.
Therapeutic drug monitoring
30
Indicates the highest concentration of the drug in the blood serum
Peak level
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Indicates the lowest concentration of the drug in the blood serum
Trough level
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a commonly used diagnostic tool to evaluate the partial pressure of gas in blood and acid-based content.
Blood gas analysis
33
Specimens of arterial blood are taken from the...
Radial, Brachial or femoral arteries
34
Prevent (answer) by applying pressure to the punction site for about (answer) minutes after removing the needle.
Hemorrhaging: 5-10 minutes
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Other name for Guaiac Stool Examination
Occult Blood Examination
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Provides a graphic recording of the heart's electrical activity.
Electrocardiography
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Are recorded through an electrocardiogram or ECG
Waves
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What should you consider in Nursing diagnoses?
1) Anxiety
2) Lack of knowledge
3) Fear
39
Common chemistry examinations include...
1) Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH)
2) Creatine Kinase (CK)
3) Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
4) Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
5) Serum glucose, hormones such as Thyroid hormone, and other substances such as cholesterol and triglycerides
40
To assess a client's response to an increased cardiac workload during exercise
Stress Electrocardiography
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Commonly used diagnostic tests that can provide information about hematologic system and many other body systems.
Blood tests
42
Performed through a venipuncture
Blood tests
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Urine specimens
1) Clean Voided Urine Specimens
2) Clean Catch or Midstream Urine
3) Timed Urine Specimen
4) Indwelling Catheter Specimen
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puncture of a vein for collection of a blood specimen
Venipuncture
45
Usually done on the first voided specimen in the morning because it tends to have a higher, more uniform concentration, and a higher pH
Clean Voided Urine Specimens
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Done when a urine culture is ordered when identifying the microorganisms causing UTI
Clean Catch or Midstream Urine
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A collection of all urine produced and voided over a specific period of time ranging from 1 to 2 hours or 24 hours
Timed Urine Specimen
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What should you do to preserve and avoid decompressions of urine components
Refrigerate or contain preservatives
49
Urine specimen is contained from a closed drainage systems by inserting a sterile needle to a syringe attached to a drainage port in the tubing.
Indwelling Catheter Specimen
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Include hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
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An invasive procedure wherein a radiopaque dye is injected into the vessel to be examined
Angiography
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In urine testing, what is an indicator of urine concentration or the amount of solutes present in the urine (metabolic wastes and electrolytes)
Specific Gravity
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What are the tools used to measure specific gravity in urine testing?
Urinometer
Hydrometer
Spectrometer
Refractometer
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What is the normal specific gravity in urine testing?
1.010 - 1.025
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In urine testing, increased specific gravity indicates...
Fluid deficit or dehydration
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Non-invasive tests that uses ultrasound to visualize structures of the heart and evaluate left ventricular function.
Echocardiogram
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The main intracellular protein of erythrocytes
Hemoglobin (HGB)
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It is the Iron containing protein in the RBC that transports oxygen through the body
Hemoglobin (HGB)
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In blood chemistry, what is the common laboratory test?
glycosylated hemoglobin or hemoglobin AIC (HbAIC) test
60
is a reflection of how well blood glucose levels have been controlled during the prior 3 to 4 months
Hemoglobin AIC
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The normal range of Hemoglobin AIC
4.0 % to 5.6 %
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The acidity and alkalinity of urine
Urinary pH
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Urine pH decreases; kidney excretes H ions
Metabolic Acidosis
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Urine pH increases
Metabolic Alkalosis
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In Blood Chemistry, it is the first specific blood used to detect and guide treatment for heart failure
Brain natriuretic peptide or B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) test
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What ventricle secretes Brain natriuretic peptide or B-type natriuretic peptide?
Left Ventricle
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BNP level (answer) as heart failure becomes more severe
Increases
68
(answer) are routinely screened for (answer)
Newborns: Congenital metabolic conditions
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Tests for phenylketonuria (PKU) and hypothyroidism
Metabolic screening
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Conditions that are frequently screened in metabolic screening are...
Sickle cell disease and galactosemia
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Metabolic screening involves collecting of...
Peripheral Venous Blood (via a heel stick)
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Measures the percentage of RBC's in the total blood volume
Hematocrit (HCT)
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A fast way to determine percentage of RBCs in the plasma
Hematocrit or packed cell volume
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reported as the percentage because it is the concentration of RBCs in the blood
HCT
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A visualization of the larynx
Laryngoscopy
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An invasive procedure with the use of laryngoscope
Laryngoscopy
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Hematocrit percentage for Men and Women.
Men: 40-54 %
Women: 36-46 %
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An increase in Hematocrit indicates
Dehydration
Hypervolemia
Diabetic Acidosis
Burns
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An decrease in Hematocrit indicates
Acute Blood Loss
Pregnancy
Dietary Deficits
Anemia
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Presence of blood in urine
Occult Blood
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Blood in urine is indicative of ...
Damage to kidneys or urinary tracts
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Measure of the solute concentration of urine
Osmolality
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Used to monitor fluid and electrocyte balance
Osmolality
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Normal value of Osmolality
50-1200 mOsm/kg
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Average urine osmolality
200-800 mOsm/kg
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An increase in urine osmolality indicates...
Fluid volume deficit
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A decrease in urine osmolality indicates...
Fluid volume excess
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A visualization of the bronchi with the use of bronchoscope
Bronchoscopy
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Taken to measure current blood glucose level when frequent tests are required or venipuncture cannot be performed
Capillary Blood Glucose
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In Capillary Blood Glucose, what is the lateral aspect of the fingers or earlobe when the patient is in shock or edematous fingers
Site
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Normal value of blood circulating glucose
4-6 mmoL/L or 72.108 mg/oL
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A painless non-invasive x-ray procedure that has the capability of distinguishing the density of tissues
Computed Tomography
92
Also called CT scanning, computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography (CAT)
Computed Tomography
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Formerly known as Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT)
ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)
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ALT Adult Normal findings
10-35 units/L
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An increased of ALT indicates
Acute viral hepatitis
Necrosis of the liver
Cirrhosis
Heart failure
Acute Alcohol intoxication
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Marker of hepatic injury
ALT (Alanine Transferase)
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A decrease of ALT indicates
Exercise
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Is the mucus secretion from the lungs, bronchi and trachea.
Sputum
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Do healthy individuals produce Sputum?
No
99
Noninvasive scanning technique in which the client is placed in a magnetic field
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
100
commonly used for the visualization of the brain, spine, limbs, joints, heart, blood vessels, abdomen and pelvis
101
The mean or average size of the individual RBC
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
102
Average Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
80-98 um3
103
An increase in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) indicates...
Chronic liver Disease, Pernicious Anemia
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A decrease in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) indicates...
Iron deficiency Anemia, Lead poisoning
105
Reasons for collecting Sputum
For culture and sensitivity
For Cytology
For Acid-fast bacillus
To assess effectiveness of therapy
106
is collected from the mucosa of the oropharynx and tonsillar regions using a culture swab
Throat Culture
107
Technique for visualizing body organ and system functions
Visualization procedures
108
In clients with Gastrointestinal alterations, Indirect visualization are considered as...
Non-invasive procedures
109
In clients with Gastrointestinal alterations, direct visualization are considered as...
Invasive procedures
110
In MRI, client is provided with two-way communication system to relieve the feeling of...
Claustrophobia
111
MRI may take (answer) minutes
60-90 minutes
111
A component of protein produced by the liver
Albumin
112
Average Albumin in Adults
3.5 - 5.0 g/dL or 52-68% protein
113
A decrease in Albumin indicates
Cirrhosis of the liver, acute liver failure, severe burns, severe malnutrition, renal disorders.
113
An increase in Albumin indicates
Dehydration
114
Viewing of the anal canal
Anoscopy
115
Viewing of the rectum
Proctoscopy
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Involves the therapeutic use of radioactive isotopes for diagnostic purposes
Nuclear Imaging Studies
117
Average Ammonia in Adults
15-25 mog/dL
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A by-product of protein metabolism which is ejected by the kidneys
Ammonia
118
An increase in Ammonia indicates
Liver disease
Cirrhosis
Reye Syndrome
Heart failure
119
A decrease in Ammonia indicates
Renal failure
Hypertension
120
Noninvasive radiologic study that involves the inhalation and injection of radioisotope.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
121
Count of the total number of WBCs in cubic millimeter of blood
WBC count
122
Average WBC count in Adults
4500-10,000 per microliter
123
An increase in WBC count indicates
Acute infections, tissue necrosis, Collagen diseases
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A decrease in WBC count indicates
Viral infections, hematopoietic disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Viewing of the rectum and the sigmoid
Lower GI endoscopy
Proctosigmoidoscopy
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Average neutrophils
50-70 percent
127
An increase in neutrophils indicates
Acute infections
128
A decrease in neutrophils indicates
Viral diseases, Leukemia, Aplastic and Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Average Lymphocytes count
25-35 percent
130
An increase in Lymphocytes indicates
Viral infections, Chronic infections, Lymphocytic Leukemia
131
A decrease in Lymphocytes indicates
Cancer, Leukemia, Multiple Necrosis, Renal Failure
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Monocytes count
4-6 percent
133
An increase in Monocyte count indicates
Viral infection, Hodgkin's disease
134
A decrease in Monocyte count indicates
Lymphocytic Leukemia, Aplastic Anemia
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A procedure used to obtain fluid from abdominal cavity caused by ascites
Abdominal Paracentesis
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Accumulation of fluid in Abdominal cavity
Ascites
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Average Myoglobin in Males
20-90 ng/ml
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Average Myoglobin in Females
12-75 ng/ml
139
After an MI, serum levels of myoglobin rises in (answer). making it an early marker for muscle damage in MI
2-4hours
140
An increase in Myoglobin indicates
MI, Angina, other muscle injury, renal failure, severe burns
141
A decrease in Myoglobin indicates
Not clinically significant
142
X-rays of the GIT can detect strictures, obstructions, tumors, ulcers, inflammatory disease or other structural changes such as hiatal hemias.
Roentgenography
143
Average Basophil count
0.4 - 10 percent
144
An increase in Basophil count indicates
Leukemia, inflammation process
145
A decrease in Basophil count indicates
Hypersensitivity reaction, Stress, Pregnancy
146
Average Troponin I count
<0.1-0.5 ng/mL
147
Average Troponin T count
<0.2 ng/mL
148
What type of Troponin is highly concentrated in the heart muscle
Cardiac Troponin
149
This test is used in the early diagnosis in MI
Cardiac Troponin
150
The removal of excess fluid in the pleural cavity (lungs)
Thoracentesis
151
What type of cell that helps blood clot
Platelets
152
Normal findings of platelet count
150,000 - 400,000 per microliter
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An increase in platelet count is indication of...
Pulmonary embolism, Polycythemia vera, Acute blood loss, Splenectomy
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A decrease in platelet count is indication of...
Idiopathic (unknown causes), Thrombocytopenic purpura, Cancer, Systematic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
155
Visualization of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and jejunum
Barium Swallow / Upper Gi series
156
Visualization of the lower GI tract or the colon
Barium enema/ Lower GI series
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The removal of a specimen of bone marrow for laboratory study
Bone marrow biopsy
158
Sites of Bone marrow biopsy
Sternum, Iliac crests, anterior or posterior iliac spines and proximal tibia in children
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is preferred wherein client is placed in a prone position or side lying
Posterior Superior Iliac Crest
160
Average cholesterol in Adults
<200 mg/dL
161
An important screening test for heart disease
Lipoprotein profile (cholesterol)
162
An increase in cholesterol indicates
Acute MI, atherosclerosis, hypothyroidism, cholangitis
163
A decrease in cholesterol indicates
Hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, chronic anemic
