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Diagnostic Tests Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmune, Various

A

↑erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
↑C-reactive protein (CRP)
(+)rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies
(+)anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)

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2
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

↑erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
↑C-reactive protein (CRP)
(+)rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies
(+)anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)
(+) anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA)

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3
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A

↑erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
↑C-reactive protein (CRP)
(+)rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies
(+)anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)
(+)anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA)
(+)anti-dsDNA antibodies

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4
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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5
Q

Anemia

A

All: ↓Hgb/Hct/RBCs
Microcytic (or Fe-deficiency): ↓MCV (cell size is smaller, MCV <80 fL)
Macrocytic (or B12 or folate deficiency): ↑MCV (cell size is larger, MCV >100 fL), Schilling test

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6
Q

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

A

D-dimer test (marker of fibrinolysis)
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): ultrasound (US), venography, MRI
Pulmonary embolism (PE): pulmonary computed tomographic angiography (CTA)

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7
Q

Stroke Prevention

A

CHA2DS2-VASc scoring system (score directs need for anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation)

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8
Q

Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)

A

Unexplained ↓platelets (>50% drop from baseline) 5-14 days after starting heparin
Positive antibodies based on a heparin platelet factor (PF4) ELISA and/or serotonin release assay (SRA)

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9
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

A

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
cardiac enzymes [creatinine kinase muscle/brain (CK-MB), troponin I, T]

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10
Q

Arrhythmias

A

ECG (or EKG)
Holter monitor (portable ECG device)
heart rate (HR)

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11
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA or Stroke)

A

computed tomography (CT)
MRI

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12
Q

Chronic Heart Failure

A

echocardiogram (echo)
↑B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
↑N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP)

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13
Q

Stable Ischemic Heart Disease (SIHD)/Chronic Stable Angina

A

cardiac stress test
angiography

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14
Q

Dyslipidemia

A

↑TC, Non-HDL, LDL, TGs
coronary artery calcium (CAC, a non-invasive CT scan of the heart that measures calcium-containing plaque)

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15
Q

Hypertension

A

↑systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

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16
Q

Hypertensive Emergency or Urgency

A

Emergency: ↑BP (≥180/120 mmHg) with acute target organ damage
Urgency: ↑BP (≥180/120 mmHg) without acute target organ damage

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17
Q

10-Year Risk for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD)

A

10-year ASCVD risk tool [use if no history of ASCVD (ACS/IHD, stroke, PAD)]

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18
Q

Diabetes, Prediabetes

A

fasting plasma glucose (FPG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), hemoglobin A1C (A1C)

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19
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

↓thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
↑free T4 (FT4)

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20
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

↑TSH
↓FT4

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21
Q

Ovulation

A

luteinizing hormone (LH), peak value provides optimal timing for intercourse to become pregnant

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22
Q

Pregnancy

A

positive human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine (outpatient test kit) or in blood

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23
Q

Bacterial Vaginitis

A

clear, white or gray vaginal discharge with a fishy odor and pH >4.5, little or no pain

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24
Q

Candida Vaginitis

A

white, thicker vaginal discharge, pruritus

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25
Trichomoniasis
yellow, green frothy, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, pH >4.5, soreness and pain with intercourse
26
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (mouth to small intestine) Duodenal ulcer: pain 2-3 hours after eating (without food in stomach), pain relief with food/antacids Gastric ulcer: pain right after eating (with food in stomach), little/no pain relief with food/antacids
27
GERD
esophageal pH monitoring endoscopy
28
H. pylori
urea breath test (UBT) fecal antigen test
29
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's Disease)
endoscopy (for Crohn's disease, which affects more of the GI tract) sigmoidoscopy (for ulcerative colitis, which affects the colon & rectum) for both: colonoscopy, biopsy, CT, MRI
30
Bronchospastic Diseases
Spirometry, measures three main variables: FEV1: how much air can be forcefully exhaled in one second FVC: the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled FEV1/FVC: percentage of total air capacity (vital capacity) that can be forcefully exhaled in one second
31
Asthma
FVC, FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) allergic asthma: skin test (to detect an allergan)
32
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.7 eosinophils ≥300 cells/uL indicated inflammation & better response to ICS
33
Metabolic Acidosis
arterial blood gas, measures pH, pCO2, HCO3 ↓pH, ↓HCO3; compensation: respiratory alkalosis
34
Respiratory Acidosis
↓pH, ↑pCO2; compensation: metabolic alkalosis
35
Metabolic Alkalosis
↑pH, ↑HCO3; compensation: respiratory acidosis
36
Respiratory Alkalosis
↑pH, ↓pCO2; compensation: metabolic acidosis
37
Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
anion gap >12 mEq/L
38
General Infection
fever (temp ≥100.4F or 38C) ↑WBC count left shift (↑bands or immature neutrophils)
39
C. difficile
(+) C. difficile stool toxin [enzyme immunoassay + glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) test] or PCR
40
HIV
HIV antigen/antibody immunoassay, HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation immunoassay, HIV RNA viral load, nucleic acid test
41
Infective Endocarditis
echo (to check for vegetation) blood culture (to identify causative organism)
42
Lyme Disease
round, red bullseye rash, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test
43
Meningitis
lumbar puncture (LP) + symptoms of severe headache, stiff neck & altered mental status
44
Onychomycosis (Fungal Infection of Toenail or Fingernail)
20% KOH smear
45
Lice (Pediculosis)
Pruritus, visible lice on the scalp and nits (eggs) on hair shafts
46
Pinworm (Vermicularis)
tape test (on skin adjacent to anus to check presence of eggs) helminths (worms) in blood, feces or urine
47
Pneumonia
chest x-ray showing infiltrates, consolidations or opacities
48
Syphilis
(+) nontreponemal assay [rapid plasma reagin (RPR) or Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory (VDRL) blood test] & treponemal assay
49
Toxoplasma gondii Encephalitis
Toxoplasma IgG test
50
Tuberculosis (TB)
Latent TB: (+) tuberculin skin test (TST) (also known as a purified protein derivative (PPD)], or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test Active TB: (+) sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) stain & culture, chest X-ray with cavitation
51
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
urinalysis (positive leukocyte esterase or WBC >10 cells/mm3, nitrites, bacteria), urine culture
52
Breast Cancer
mammogram, ultrasound, MRI
53
Cervical Cancer
pap smear, HPV test
54
Colon Cancer
colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, double-contrast barium enema, CT colonography, stool DNA, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), fecal immunochemical test
55
Lung Cancer
CT chest
56
Skin Cancer
skin biopsy
57
Prostate
digital rectal exam (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
58
General Cancer
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test (a marker to identify cancer), positron emission tomography (PET)
59
Allergic Reactions
skin prick (scratch) test (immediate) immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies (blood)
60
Bleeding
↓Hgb/Hct, visible blood or bruising, coffee groun emesis or dark/tarry stools (upper GI bleeding), red blood in stool (lower GI bleeding or hemorrhoid)
61
Cholestasis (Bile Duct Blockage)
↑alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos) ↑total bilirubin (Tbili) ↑gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
62
Cognitive Impairment (i.e. Alzheimer's)
mini-mental state exam (MMSE), score <24 indicates impairment
63
Cystic Fibrosis
sweat test
64
Glaucoma
↑intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field test (to identify optic nerve damage)
65
Gout
↑uric acid (UA) level
66
Liver Disease
liver function tests (LFTs): ↑AST/ALT, ↑Alk Phos, ↑Tbili, ↑lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Cirrhosis (chronic liver disease): ↑PT/INR, ↓albumin Alcoholic liver disease: ↑AST > ↑ALT, ↑GGT Hepatic encephalopathy: ↑ammonia level (blood)
67
Movement Disorders (e.g. Parkinson Disease)
abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS), rating scale used to measure involuntary movements, or tardive dyskinesias, as monitoring for patient improvment
68
Myopathy
↑creatine kinase or creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
69
Neuropathy, Peripheral
assess sensation with 10-g monofilament, pinprick, temperature and/or vibration tests
70
Osteoarthritis
X-ray, MRI
71
Osteoporosis
bone mineral density (BMD) using dual energy X-ray absortiometry (DEXA or DXA), T-score ≤-2.5 Osteopenia: T-score -1 to -2.4
72
Pain
pain scales, non-verbal signs (e.g. moaning, grimacing, agitation
73
Pancreatitis
↑amylase/lipase
74
Psychiatric Disease (e.g. Depression, Schizophrenia)
DSM-5 diagnostic criteria Depression-specific: Ha-D or HDRS assessment scale
75
Renal Disease
↑BUN/SCr, creatinine clearance (CrCl), glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin Dehydration: BUN/SCr ratio >20:1, plus symptoms (e.g. ↓urine output, dry mucus membranes, tachycardia)
76
Seizures/Epilepsy
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
77
Weight: Underweight, Normal Weight, Overweight, Obesity
BMI (plus waist circumference for risks associated with overweight/obesity), ideal body weight (IBW), total body weight (TBW)

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