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Farm OSCE Resit > Diagnostics > Flashcards

Diagnostics Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

CMT

A

tests milk for mastitis - somatic cell count
4 wells for 4 quarters
more gel formation = more scc
rated 0-3 - 3 most severe

quick, done at cow side, inexpensive, uncomplicated
results a little subjective
can detect subclinical mastitis

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2
Q

IgG Measurement in neonates

A

measure of passive transfer of antibodies to neonates - blood total protein, SNAP test
identity neonates at risk of failure of passive transfer
below 10 for dairy calves or 24 for beef calves considered failure of passive transfer

also colostrum testing - 50 minimum for good quality, under 20 very bad
brix refractometer or colostrometer

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3
Q

FEC cut offs

A

sheep -
nematodirus - any
other roundworms - 200
lungworm - doesn’t usually detect - if any then def treat
fluke - 200
cocci - 2500 - 1000 not super unusual

cows -
roundworm - 200
tapeworm - not reliable, probably treat if you see bits of one in there
fluke - 200
cocci - 2500 - 1000 not super unusual
lungworm - doesn’t usually detect - if any then def treat

pig -
roundworm - 200
tapeworm - not reliable, probably treat if you see bits of one in there - also main tapeworm is a nasty human one
fluke - 200
cocci - 2500 - 1000 not super unusual
lungworm - doesn’t usually detect - if any then def treat

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4
Q

bulk milk tank tests

A

tb
johnes
bvd
somatic cell count
ketosis/acidosis
fluke
lepto neospora
schmallenberg
to assess nutrition

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5
Q

pm samples - sheep - abortion

A

lamb - placenta, abortion materials

placenta -
toxo - strawberry cotyledons
chlamydia (enzootid abortion) - thickened between cotyledons
brucella - necrosis and oedema - leathery
campylobacter - vasculitis and bacterial colonies

lamb -
mummification - toxo and chlamydia most common
deformity - schmallenberg (not notifiable), border disease (like bvd equiv in sheep - persisent infected lambs - reportable), nutritional deficiencies, toxo, various bacterial infections
samples for PCR for infectious disease

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6
Q

pm samples - sheep - sudden death

A

clostridial disease - black disease, pulpy kidney - gas in tissues, unusually rapid and resolving rigor mortis, also gassy distention of organs
pulpy kidney - kidney decomposition quicker then other organs and are soft and easy to break
black disease - rapid decomposition, black skin discolouration, liver necrosis
lamb dysentery - jejunem - emphysema, haemorrage (dark red, distended, ulcerated)

redgut - intestinal torsion (lush pastures)

plant toxins - may still be in mouth or rumen

parasites - parasites themselves visible in gut, liver or lungs, cysts visible, scarring, fecal sample from GI for eggs

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7
Q

pm samples - cow - sudden death

A

pneumonia - discoloured consolidated areas in lung, viral may be more subtle than bacteria
pasteurella - severely congested lungs with petechial haemorrhage
blackleg - rapid breakdown of affected muscle, sweet smell
bloat - gas distention of rumen, with or without obstruction in oesophagus
toxin - mauy be in mouth or rumen, may have liver or kidney damage
lightening strike - scorch marks

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8
Q

pm samples - cow abortion

A

calves -
planta -
retained - can be result of dystocia, metritis, twin births, management issues
placentitis - redness? - usually bacterial infection (metritis)
brucella - yellowish, and moroccan leather (thick grey yello) around cotyledons
chlamydia - yellow blown exudate and thickening
toxicoses - discoloured exudative cotyledons, thickening and oedema between cotyledons

foetus -
brain - vit e/selenium
fluid from abdomen or thorax - serological tests - bvd etc
thyroid - iodine
parasites
congenital conditions
toxin ingestion - may still be in stomach

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9
Q

pm samples - pig sudden death

A

intestinal torsion
gastric tilation and torsion
e coli - usually post weaning - oedema in brain and abdomen
glassers - can be fatal in young pigs - red/purple discolouration in ears, abdomen and legs, joint swelling
clostridium noyvi - gangrene, gas, inflammation in tissues

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10
Q

pm checks - chicken

A

feet - pododermatitis - welfare, immune system
newcastles - lungs - inflammation, congestion
parasites - cocci - intestinal scarring, thickening, presence of the parasites themselves
AI - hemorrhage, oedema necrosis - various organs
mareks
mareks - grey white patches of neoplastic material - lungs, spleen, liver, heart, skeletal muscle

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11
Q

pm - pig - abortion

A

brucella - piglet - necrosis and white foci on liver, sometimes liver, spleen, brain
CSF - enlarged spleen and liver. widespread petechial hemorrhage
ASF - enlarged spleen and liver. widespread petechial hemorrhage, button ulcers in large intestine
prrs - lung lesions, mummification, still birth, PCR for the virus
porcine parvo -chalklike deposits on placenta and placenta oedema, mummified stillborn or premature foetus,

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12
Q

tb - pm signs

A

caseous circle type lesions - liver and lungs
enlarged lymph nodes (usually front of the cow)
may be too small to see or similar to lesions of other disease - PCR on material from them
condemned if lesions in more than one organ

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13
Q

johnes - pm signs

A

thickened ileum wall
caseous or calcified lymph nodes
may be condemned but no strict rule

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14
Q

pneumonia - pm signs

A

heavy lungs
consolidation
exudate - fibrinous or purulent
edema (fluid accumulation) or empysema (excessive air in lung tissue)
lymph node enlargement -

mycoplasma - grey/purple consolidated lungs
viral tends to be cranial, bacterial caudal

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15
Q

key notifiable disease

A

AI
newcastles

bTB

Foot and mouth

anthrax

brucella

BSE
Scrapie

Bluetongue

sheep scab (SCOTLAND)

classical and african swine fever
swine vesicular disease

rabies

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16
Q

scours

A

lambs and calves - fecal sample to differentaite pathogen - ELISA - negative if too early
FEC
pig - PCR fecal sample - same idea
also - litmus fecal sample - ecoli tends to be alkali, viral acidic
johnes -

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17
Q

respiratory

A
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18
Q

johnes

A

post mortem - thickened intestinal wall, enlarged lymph nodes, bacteria visible on histopath with ZN stain

fecal culture - more accurate than pcr but longer time, still only any good if shedding

fecal PCR - quick but only if shedding

pooled or individual fecal samples

herdsure - uses blood elisa -2 tests a year apart for better security

always risk not shedding or not produced antibodies, routine testing and retesting best practice

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19
Q

tb

A

tuberculin skin test
interferon gamma test - blood - confirm skin test

notifiable - how often need to test depends on status

cull if confirmed

carcass downgraded
condemned if lesions in more than one body part

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20
Q

schmallenberg signs

A

adult - reduced yield, fever, recover quickly

foetus/neonate -
abortion or stillbirth
deformities - bent limbs, twisted neck or spine, domed skill, brain abnormalities
if alive - small, weak, deformed, blind
nervous signs - inability to suckle, convulsions
recumbancy

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21
Q

schemmelnberg pm

A

calf -
brain - underdeveloped, small
limbs - fixed in position
spine - scoliosis (curve)
foetal monster

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22
Q

schmallenberg testing

A

not notifiable in uk

pm - brainstem and foetal fluid - send away for ELISA, with details of deformity

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23
Q

fec reduction values

A

90-95% less as aim

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24
Q

false negatives at fec

A

intermittent shedding
immature parasites - prepatent period
encysting
single sex infection
liver fluke - sometimes present without eggs in feces
lungworm - usually present without eggs in feces
sample issues - too old, too small, not stored right, not taken across a sample group
recent treatment prompting a temporary drop
other veterinary treatment - eg steroids
fecal abnormalities - can be affected by scour or starvatoin

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25
mycoplasma diagnosis
culture - milk, plasma, swabs pcr - faster but less sensitive serology - indication of herd immunity levels, but doesn't differentiate between previous and current infection
26
somatic cell count
27
ante mortem check - sheep
28
ante mortem check - cow
29
ante mortem check - pig
30
ante mortem check - chicken
31
PCR POC tests
bovine resp complex - PI3, BRSV etc bovine calf scours - Crypto, rota etc foot and mouth lateral flow liver fluke - available, new and pricey bvd bluetongue brucellosis johnes - $5 per cow, so bit spenny pregnancy test??????
32
skin scrapes
parasites - esp mites (sheep scab, scabies) and demodex
33
ultrasound
pd and number of foetuses cysts
34
lda signs
recent pregnancy, abomasum trapped on left poor production high HR depression left side ping can ultrasound but signs and exam probably enough treat with surgery
35
causes of down cow
metabolic - magnesium, calcium, energy fractures lameness mastitis metritis 5 m's - metritis, mastitis, metaboli, musculoskeletal, mystery
36
uterine prolapse
ewes and cows - not common in pigs just after parturition uterine outside remove placenta if still attached cleanse endometrial surface put it back in - may want a stick to keep it from falling out again abx immediate treatment needed risk factors - large calves/lambs dystocia assisted births low calcium - lack of muscle tone previous prolapse
37
indications for c section
38
emergency slaughter certificate
39
sudden death - cattle
clostridial disease anthrax undetected pneumonia dystocia hardware disease - penetration of pericardial sac plant poisoning lead toxicity bloat metabolic disease - milk fever, grass staggers metritis severe haemorrhage - eg milk vein BSE
40
sudden death - sheep
clostridial disease undetected pneumonia - esp pasteurellosis, manheimia in lambs poisoning - plants or medication overdose cocci - lambs torsion
41
sudden death - pigs
intestinal torsion pneumonia haemorrhagic bowel syndrome - usually diagnosed pm - common in fattening pigs erysipelas clostridial disease PMWS and PDNS - viral - fast loss of condition in piglets around 7-10 weeks and then death
42
sudden death - chicken
AI newcastles cocci sudden chicken death syndrome - flip over disease - combination of management, environmental and pathogenic factors
43
Avian Influenza
signs - sudden death, resp signs, swollen head, d++, reduced production, nervous signs, general floopiness pcr for virus elisa for antibodies immunohistochemistry on tissue samples from pm
44
iceberg disease
Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (jaagsietke) maedi visna SARA Johnes
45
Newcastles
signs - resp distress, nervous signs (tremors, circling, twisting neck ), bright green d++, reduced production PCR and ELISA available
46
sheep scab
really really itchy, wool loss skins scrape to diagnose
47
pm endoparasites
adult worms - intestine, liver, lungs stomach - depending on type liver - scarring and enlargement - liver fluke lungs - lesions and inflammation - lungworm intestines - thickened walls, cysts, scarring, ulcers cocci - pot belly, dirty rear end of carcass
48
pm nutritional deficits
emaciation muscle atrophy depletion of fat stores - around heart, in bone marrow oedema - may be protein deficiency small liver - energy deficiency or starvation white muscle - vit E/selenium vitreous fluids - calcium aquaeous fluids - magnesium iodine - goitre
49
pm agonal changes
rigor mortis - stiffening algor mortis - getting cold livor mortis - pooling blood due to gravity - pink purplish corresponding to how carcass has been positioned psuedomelanosis autolysis putrefaction post mortem tanning
50
pm abuse
bcs bruising, wounds clear signs of lameness dirty hides deaths in transit
51
antemortem abbattoir checks
deaths in transit cleanliness lameness wounds, lesions bcs signs of notifiable disease pododermatitis signs of parasites
52
pododermatitis chicken
1-4 score observe movement ante mortem - isolate any that are walking especially badly check all feet on conveyor post mortem causes - wet and dirty litter growing too fast waterer design overcrowding poor ventilation welfare issue
53
lameness scoring
0-3 0 - fine 1 - bit lame, hard to tell how 2 - can tell what foot 3 - trailing behind repeated severe lameness - cull
54
cow comfort scoring
lying down time % cows in contact with cubicles that are lying down BCS lameness scoring
55
pm lungs - key findings
sheep - OPA (Jaagsietke) - lungs full of tumours pig - pneumonia froth in lungs - lung worm, pneumonia, or heart failure lungworm - froth and usually find adult worms in airways
56
pm GIT - key findings
worms - adult worms, white patches, scarring
57
pm kidneys - key findings
pulpy kidney - sheep - swollen kidneys haemorrage, weird coloring (black) - copper poisoning
58
pm liver and spleen - key findings
orange liver - copper liver fluke - enlarged, bleeding liver with immature fluke, or white, adult fluke in bile ducts more chronic pig spleen - CSF/ASF - enlargement, haemorrhage, diacolouration
59
pm heart - key findings
pig - valves - "cauliflower" - erisypelas traumatic pericarditis
60
pm brain - key findings
BSE/scrapie selenium?
61
pm muscle - key findings
white encysted worms - taenia - pig swelling and gas pockets - blackleg - sheep
62
african swine fever / classical swine fever signs
63
african swine fever / classical swine fever pm
big discoloured spleen skin discolouration blood tinged fluids in body cavities wide spread haemorrage
64
african swine fever / classical swine fever transmission
direct contact fomites bodily fluids
65
african swine fever / classical swine fever diagnosis
signs - general systemic, red/blue/purple blotching or ears nose and limbs - non specific pm - suggestive signs of a swine fever but doesn't differentiate between the two types PCR Serology direct flouscent antibody test - best - smears or tissu
66
tb post mortem
white defined purulent lesions - liver, lungs, lymph nodes condemned carcasses if in more than one organ loads of checks so rarely get to this stage
67
african swine fever / classical swine fever signs ddx
PRRS Salmonella Erisypelas
68
mastitis testing
CMT bulk milk tank somatic cell count culture and sensitivity - samples from animal or environmental
69
lepto
ELISA PCR culture bulk milk
70
clostridia
ELISA flourescent antibody tests - tissue samples
71
brucella
bulk milk ELISA individual milk or blood serology (antibodies) brucellin skin test samples from aborted fetus - elisa etc, or culture from tissue - placenta
72
babesiosis
specific stained blood smear - microscopy pcr - more sensitive tick testing
73
listeria
pm - culture from tissue samples ELISA, PCR Feed testing
74
bluetongue
blood samples - specialist - can do through private vet or APHA but needs reporting either way
75
orf
PCR (mostly all have antibodies so elisa not too helpful)
76
metritis/endometritis
metricheck - uterine discharge (usuallu thick and bad smelling) cytology from uterine swabs
77
sperm evaluation
gross motility progressive motility number of sperm in sample could, consistency, smell
78
ram MOT
testes toes teeth
79
heat detection
teaser cycle manipulation paint tail things pedometers observation
80
quarantine and test on buying in
21-28 days cattle - lepto, bvd, johnes, tb sheep - contagious foot diseases parasites
81
crypto
rapid calf side tests - fecal sample ELISA PCR
82
anthrax
blood or tissue samples - presence of anthracis bacteria - sample from peripheral vessel
83

Farm OSCE Resit (23 decks)

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