Metabolic Conditions Flashcards
(41 cards)
milk fever pathogenesis
hypocalcemia
dairy cattle
increase in calcium demand at start of lactation out of balance with production/release rate
also tied to magnesium levels - affects abaility to mobilise calcium
milk fever signs
mild -
dullness and lethargy
cold ears, extremities and dry nose
weight shifting
inappetance
more serious -
recumbency
bloat
coma
death
milk fever prevention
reduce dietary calcium towards end of pregnancy to mobilise bone calcium release
ensure adequate magnesium and phosphorus
oral calcium supplements just after calving
appropriate BCS
reduce stress
monitor for early intervention
milk fever treatment
IV calcium (jugular) or subcut if less severe
magnesium - SUBCUT
nursing care - comfy bedding, food, water, turn regurlaly if recumbant
twin lamb disease causes
ovine pregnancy toxemia - negative energy balance in late pregnancy
often when carrying multiple lambs, sometimes one big lamb
body breaks down fat to compensate for the lack of energy - leads to ketosis
risk factors -
multiple or large lambs
inadequate nutrition
sudden dietary changes
bad weather - may prevent the sheep going to food
stress - can lead to increased energy requirements
twin lamb signs
separation from the flock
loss of appetite
depression
muscle tremors
later -
neurological signs - head pressing, ataxia, twitching
foamy mouth and nostrils
recumbency
coma and death
diagnose from signs and context
can confirm with blood glucose and ketones
twin lamb prevention
nutritional management - feed more later pregnancy and grouped on number of lambs (determine at scanning 80-100 days post ram removal)
maintain appropriate BCS - at least 2.5 going into the last few weeks of pregnancy
supplement high energy feeds
avoid bulky feeds, do a forage analysis
ensure enough feeder space
twin lamb treatment
energy - propylene glycol (or IV glucose in severe cases)
IV calcium
isolate affected ewes and ensure getting enough feed
fatty livers causes
usually high yield dairy cows
negative energy balance the onset of lactation
ketone production
risk factors -
high BCS
decreased feed intake or inadequate feed
milk fever
lameness
mastitis
fatty livers signs
anorexia
weight loss
decreased production
neuro signs
recumbency
fatty livers prevention
appropriate BCS
sufficient and balanced feed
minimise stress
propylene glycol substitution
fatty livers treatment
diganose by signs and blood or milk ketones (not always elevated right away)
IV glucose or oral propylene glycol
glucagon infusions
supportive care - feed, fluids, nsaids
grass staggers causes
low magnesium
risk factors -
lush spring pastures - low in magnesium and low fiber to passes through GIT quickly
high potassium and nitrogen levels in soil
lactating cows - uses magnesium
reduced feed intake - eg stress or poor weather
grass staggers signs
nervousness
flaring nostrils
stiff movement
inappetence
poor production
recumbancy - neckl bend back position
tetany - muscle convulsions - eventually die from this (heart muscle)
grass staggers diagnosis
signs, history and response to treatment
magesium levels in aqueous humor at pm
grass staggers prevention
magnesium licks or magnesium salts in water
additional dietary fibre when on spring grass - hay
ensure enough sodium in diet - helps with mobilising of magensium
grass staggers treatment
iv calcium borogluconate
acidosis causes and risk factors
build up of lactic acid in rumen
risk factors -
rapid excessive carbohydrate or supplement increase
deficient dietary fibre
rapid diet change
cows picking out supplements in a mixed ration
large slugs of food at once
lameness - lame cows tend to eat large meals less often to avoid walking to it
acidosis signs
decreased rumination
scour
foamy feces
depression
increased HR
weakness, difficulty rising
sub acute - inappetence, reduced BCS, mild unexplained diarrhoea - grumbling herd issue, can cause caudal vena cava syndrome (difficulty breathing, death)
acute - difficulty rising, suddenly, death
signs 1-5 days after limited water intake event
acidosis diagnosis
ruminal pH, signs and history
acidosis prevention and treatment
prevention best -
balanced diet with enough roughage
mixed ration and fine enough to not be able to pick out favourite bits
don’t let ad lib hoppers run out
enough feeding space to avoid competition and need to gorge
gradual diet changes
additives that support rumen fermentation - yeast products, essential oils (limited evidence)
look out for early signs - loose feces, reduced cud chewing, weakness
treatment -
mild - dietary adjustment and antacid
severe - rumen lavage but realistic probably too late, sometimes abx?
salt poisoning (pigs) causes and risk factors
lack of water or excessive salt in diet
often in winter when drinkers freeze over and then they drink a load at once once its broken into
salt poisoning (pigs) signs
excessive thirst followed by lack of interest in food or water
constipation
later signs -
neuro/behavioural - wandering, head pressing, blindness or deafness, spasms, dog paddling, sitting weird, circling
can cause sudden death
salt poisoning (pigs) diagnosis
usually off signs and history and ruling out ddx (meningitis and encephalitis - similar neuro signs)
CSF and blood - elevated sodium levels
pm - brain sodium levels
