Diagonosis

Question 1

What are symptoms?

Answer 1

Complete patient history

Question 2

What are signs

Answer 2

Physical examination

Question 3

High-quality specimen
3 components

Answer 3

Selection
Collection
Transport

Question 4

What does selection indicate?

Answer 4

Location

Question 5

4 aspects of collection?

Answer 5

Instructions to patient
Sufficient quantity
No antimicrobial beforehand
Proper labeling

Question 6

3 Aspects of Transportation?

Answer 6

Completed request form
ASAP moved
Stored properly

Question 7

What 3 things happens to the pathogen in a poor-quality specimen?

Answer 7

Destroyed
Masked
Contaminated

Question 8

5 rejection criteria

Answer 8

Unlabeled & Mislabeled
Leak
QNS
Sent in Formalin (CML)

Question 9

What should the specimen be put in if it’s sent to CML?

Answer 9

Saline

Question 10

What does CCMS

Answer 10

Clean-catch mid-stream

Question 11

When is a catheter used in urine collection?

Answer 11

Bedridden/Paralysis/ICU
(In situ)
&
Neurological bladder (intermittent)

Question 12

Who is a urine bag used for?

Answer 12

Babies

Question 13

What does SPA stand for

Answer 13

Suprapubic needle aspiration

Question 14

What is the golden standard in urine collection?

Answer 14

SPA

Question 15

When do we process urine sample?

Answer 15

Within 30 minutes

Question 16

How long is a refrigerated urine sample valid for?

Answer 16

24h

Question 17

The 2 sizes of calibrated loops

Answer 17

0.01 & 0.001 ml

Question 18

What cultures can we use for urine?

Answer 18

Blood agar or MacConkey

Question 19

What do we use CFU for?

Answer 19

Check urine for UTI

Question 20

Equation of CFU

Answer 20

of bacterial colonies /ml

Question 21

CFU of UTI in CCMS?

Answer 21

> 100,000

Question 22

CFU of UTI in Catheter?

Answer 22

> 1000

Question 23

CFU of UTI in SPA?

Answer 23

If any colonies appear = UTI

Question 24

4 Criteria to determine clinical significance of a urine sample

Answer 24

Patient
Specimen type
Pyuria
Growth

Question 25

Which 3 patients get the most UTI

Answer 25

Female & Elderly & Children

Question 26

3 reasons for symptomatic sterile pyuria

Answer 26

Metallic wire loop got too hot Patient took antibiotic Atypical / fastidious MOs

Question 27

What MOs cause Sterile pyuria?

Answer 27

……

Question 28

5 causes of non symptomatic sterile pyuria ?

Answer 28

Pregnancy Stones DM Interstitial nephritis Vaginal discharge

Question 29

Which is more indecative for a UTI? Bacteriuria or Pyuria?

Answer 29

Pyuria

Question 30

What does Leukocyte esterase test indicate?

Answer 30

Pyuria

Question 31

Which WBCs produce Leukocyte esterase enzyme?

Answer 31

Granulocyte WBCs & Monocytes

Question 32

What does Nitrate test indicate?

Answer 32

Bacteriuria

Question 33

Which MOs can nitrituria detect?

Answer 33

G- that (NO3 —> NO2)

Question 34

Which 5 MOs have a negative nitrite test?

Answer 34

Staph saprophyticus Enterococcus P. Aeruginosa Acinetobacter **Adenovirus**

Question 35

List 5 clinical pathology labs

Answer 35

Chemistry Hematology Microbiology Immunology Blood bank

Question 36

The 4 major CML responsibilities

Answer 36

Processing clinical specimen Isolation of potential pathogens Identification of isolated ^^ AST

Question 37

Which 2 sections of CML are only found in large hospitals?

Answer 37

Mycobacteriology Virology

Question 38

Which section of CML in small hospitals is dependent in large hospitals?

Answer 38

Immunology

Question 39

What is the most common specimen sent to labs?

Answer 39

Urine

Question 40

3 Indications of blood

Answer 40

Bacteremia Septicemia IV line infection with fever

Question 41

Blood bacteremia 10 diseases

Answer 41

Pneumonia UTI Brucellosis Tularemia Anthrax Plague Meningitis Endocarditis Salmonella Typhoid fever

Question 42

What causes septicemia ?

Answer 42

G- bacteria and their toxins

Question 43

What causes temporary bacteremia ?

Answer 43

Oral surgery (;Tooth extraction) Aggressive brushing

Question 44

How long is blood incubated before ruling out Endocarditis & fungi?

Answer 44

3 weeks

Question 45

How long is blood incubated before ruling out Brucella?

Answer 45

6-8 weeks

Question 46

3 causes of blood sample contamination

Answer 46

Pseudobacteremia (neonates) Ward-based (Collection & flora) Lab-based

Question 47

3 Bacteria; G+ cocci that don’t grow in subculture

Answer 47

Anaerobic staph Aerobic strep Pyridoxine-dependent strep

Question 48

Which G- cocci show no growth in subculture ?

Answer 48

Anaerobic Veillonella

Question 49

Which G+ cocci show G- cocci in subculture ?

Answer 49

Acinetobacter

Question 50

Which G+ bacilli show no growth in subculture ?

Answer 50

Anaerobic propionibacterium

Question 51

6 G- bacilli that show no growth in subculture ?

Answer 51

(H)ameophilus (A)ctinobacillus (C)ardiobacterium hominis (E)ikenella corrodens (K)ingella

Question 52

What 2.5 diseases is a CSF sample used for?

Answer 52

Meningitis Encephalitis Meningoencephalitis [Life threat]

Question 53

How is CSF sample collected?

Answer 53

Lumber puncture

Question 54

Which sample require STAT processing?

Answer 54

CSF

Question 55

Trauma vs Hemorrhage 1 difference

Answer 55

Trauma can have clotting

Question 56

2 methods of blood sample processing

Answer 56

Microscopy & Centrifugation

Question 57

What does blood centrifugation supernatant indicate?

Answer 57

MO capsule

Question 58

In hematology what does increased Neutrophils & Lymphocytes indicate

Answer 58

Neutrophils = bacteria Lymphocytes = Virus

Question 59

How can the chemistry lab help in diagnosing bacterial infection in CSF sample?

Answer 59

Low Glucose + High protein

Question 60

How many hours do we incubate CSF to before declaring the result negative?

Answer 60

48 hours

Question 61

What are the major bacterial pathogens causing meningitis?

Answer 61

H. Influenza Pneumococcus Meningococcus

Question 62

What are the 4 neonatal meningitis bacterial pathogens?

Answer 62

GNS Enterococci Listeria meningitis E.Coli

Question 63

What bacterias cause meningitis in VP shunt

Answer 63

Pseudomonas S. Epidermis S. Aureus G- bacilli Acinetobacter

Question 64

Most common meningitis causing fungus?

Answer 64

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 65

Swab is not recommended in wounds and is rejected for these 2 pathogens:

Answer 65

MTB & fungi

Question 66

What pathogen stems from a dog bite wound?

Answer 66

Pastuerella multocida

Question 67

Which collection method should be avoided in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Answer 67

Cotton swab

Question 68

What bacteria do we use a throat swab for? & what antibiotic do we use for it? (What is the gram stain & hemolysis type?)

Answer 68

Group A streptococcal (S. Pyogenes) (G+) (B-hemolytic) Sensitive to Bacitracin

Question 69

What Pathogens do we use sputum specimen for in; ICU ?

Answer 69

MRSA

Question 70

What Pathogens do we use sputum specimen for in; Pediatrics ?

Answer 70

Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA)

Question 71

What Pathogens do we use sputum specimen for in; Lung needle biopsy ?

Answer 71

Fungus pneumonia in AIDS

Question 72

When do we use anaerobic culture for stool sample?

Answer 72

C. Difficile & C. Perfringes

Question 73

Pathogens found in stool sample

Answer 73

H)elminths E).Coli V)ibrio cholera Y)ersinia C)ampylobacter S)almonella S)higella