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Diathermy Flashcards

1
Q

Speed of Light

A

3x10^8

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2
Q

Wavelength, Frequency, Relationship

A

The longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency and energy

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3
Q

Non-ionizing

A

Radio
Microwave
Infrared
Visible
Ultraviolet

< or equal to 10 eV

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4
Q

Ionizing

A

Ultraviolet
X-Ray
Gamma Rays

> or equal to 10 eV

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5
Q

Optimum radiation occurs when the source is
perpendicular to the center of the surface to be radiated.

A

LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW / RIGHT
ANGLE LAW

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6
Q

Use the head perpendicularly

A

LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW / RIGHT
ANGLE LAW

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7
Q

Intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the distance squared.

I = 1/d^2

A

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

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8
Q

Appropriate distance of the machine for treatment

A

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

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9
Q

Waves must be absorbed to be beneficial (induce chemical processes).

A

LAW OF GROTHUS-DRAPER / DRAPER
LAW / PRINCIPLE OF CHEMICAL
ACTIVATION

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10
Q

Ensure proper absorption of radiation

A

LAW OF GROTHUS-DRAPER / DRAPER
LAW / PRINCIPLE OF CHEMICAL
ACTIVATION

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11
Q

There is an optimal amount of energy absorption
per unit time for beneficial results to be expected.

A

ARNDT-SCHULTZ PRINCIPLE

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12
Q

Dosage determination (Intensity = warmth)

A

ARNDT-SCHULTZ PRINCIPLE

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13
Q

Intensity and duration of the dose of radiant energy
is inversely proportional.

A

BUNSEN-ROSCOE LAW OF
RECIPROCITY

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14
Q

Adjustment of parameters in treatment

A

BUNSEN-ROSCOE LAW OF
RECIPROCITY

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15
Q

“to heat through” or “through heating

A

dia & thermia

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16
Q

Diathermy first used in __ by __

A

1892, Jacques Arsene d’Arsonval

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17
Q

application of _____ electromagnetic
energy to produce heat and
other physiological changes
within tissues.

A

Shortwave & microwave

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18
Q

Wavelength LWD

A

300-30m

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19
Q

LWD Penetration Depth

A

Deep

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20
Q

LWD Therapeutic Use

A

No longer used

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21
Q

SWD Wavelength

A

200-3 m

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22
Q

SWD Frequency

A

1.8-30 MHz

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23
Q

SWD Frequency Bands

A

13.56 MHz (22 m)
27.12 MHz (11 m)–
40.68 MHz (7.5 m)

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24
Q

SWD Penetration Depth

A

Deeper

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25
SWD Therapeutic Use
For rehabilitation
26
MWD Wavelength
(1m – 1mm)
27
MWD Frequency
300 MHz – 300 GHz
28
MWD Frequency Bands
433.9 MHz (69 cm) 915 MHz (33 cm) 2,450 MHz (12 cm)
29
MWD Penetration Depth
Deepest
30
MWD Therapeutic Use
For rehabilitation
31
Factors of Tissue Absorption
Amount of energy * Tissue type
32
Not reflected by bones & do not concentrate on periosteum (no periosteal burning or pain)
SW Diathermy
33
Heats larger areas
SW Diathermy
34
Some energy is being absorbed directly by the fatty tissues
MWD
35
Some energy is being reflected to the fatty tissue at fat-muscle interface
MWD
36
Thermal Effects of Diathermy
▪ Pain control ▪ Accelerated tissue healing ▪ inc blood flow (vasodilation) ▪ inc metabolism ▪ dec joint stiffness ▪ inc collagen extensibility ▪ Muscle relaxation ▪ In conjunction with stretching to inc ROM Achieved when using continuous mode
37
Non Thermal Effects of Diathermy
inc microvascular perfusion ▪ Modulates cell growth & division ▪ Accelerates process, if slow ▪ Inhibits process, if fast ▪ Accelerates Ca^2+ binding to calmodulin ▪ inc rate of phagocytosis (SWD) ▪ inc ATP activity Achieved when using both modes
38
Made of metal encased in plastic housing or transmissive carbon rubber electrodes
CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD
39
* Heating by electrical field method
CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD
40
CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD Techniques of Application:
Contra-planar / Transverse Positioning Co-planar Positioning
41
CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD Plates in series on each side of body part
Contra-planar / Transverse Positioning
42
CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD Plates in parallel on same body surface
Co-planar Positioning
43
CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD Types of Electrodes/Condenser:
Plates: Capacitor / Condenser Electrodes Pads: Flexible / Condenser Pads
44
CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD Distance between condenser & skin
1-3 inches (2-10 cm)
45
CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD Most heating occurs on tissues with
highest conductivity
46
CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD Produces more heat on
superficial tissues
47
CAPACITIVE PLATES / ELECTRIC FIELD METHOD Do not penetrate as effectively to deeper tissues if less
conductive tissues
48
Muscle
0.7-0.9
49
Kidney
0.83
50
Liver
0.48-0.54
51
Brain
0.46
52
Fat
0.04-0.06
53
Bone
0.01
54
Made up of a coil where AC flows
INDUCTIVE COILS / MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD
55
INDUCTIVE COILS / MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD
* AC produces magnetic field → induces electrical Eddy currents in tissues → oscillation of charged particles → friction → generates heat
56
INDUCTIVE COILS / MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD Types of Electrodes/Condenser:
Drums: ❑ Diplode ❑ Monode ❑ Sleeves with cables: ❑ Circumferential effects on limbs
57
Heats tissues closest to the applicator
INDUCTIVE COILS / MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD
58
Most heating occurs on tissues with highest conductivity
INDUCTIVE COILS / MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD
59
Distance * Slight air gap
INDUCTIVE COILS / MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD
60
SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY (in general) * Factors affecting field distribution:
Spacing: closer distance to tissue → more superficial * Electrode size: smaller → more superficial
61
For Non-thermal Effect…
Pulsed SWD (PSWD) / Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF) / Pulsed Electromagnetic Energy (PEME) * With “on” and “off” cycles
62
* Produces high-frequency AC in an antenna → electromagnetic field * Used for smaller, defined areas
MAGNETRON (CONDENSER)
63
Most heating occurs on tissues with highest conductivity; however, it penetrates less deeply than SWD.
MAGNETRON (CONDENSER)
64
* Distance * Few inches
MAGNETRON (CONDENSER)
65
Magnetron Tissue Heating
Shallow depth of penetration Direct Absorption by the fatty tissues Reflection at tissue interfaces
66
Inductive coil Fat Muscle Bone
Minimum, Maximum, None
67
Capacitive Plate Fat Muscle Bone
Maximum, Moderate, Low
68
Magnetron Fat Muscle Bone
Maximum, Maximum, None
69
Ultrasound Fat Muscle Bone
Slight, Maximum, None
70
Acute injuries (sprains, strains, etc.)
Dose I Non-thermal
71
Subacute injuries
Dose II Mild heat sensation
72
Pain, muscle spasm, chronic inflammation
Dose III Moderate heat sensation (comfortable)
73
Increase blood flow, heating of collagen fibers for stretching of soft tissues Commonly used intensity: mild, comfortable,
Dose IV Vigorous heating
74
Indications for Diathermy Thermal
▪ Pain control ▪ Accelerates tissue healing ▪ Decreases jointstiffness ▪ Increase soft tissue extensibility
75
Indications for Diathermy NonThermal
▪ Pain and Edema Control ▪ Soft tissues healing ▪ Nerve and bone healing on animal studies*
76
Contraindications for Diathermy
▪ Pacemakers or electronic-implants ▪ Metal implants ▪ Malignancies ▪ Thrombophlebitis ▪ Over abdomen, low back or pelvis of pregnant women
77
Contraindications Specific for thermal
▪ Over the eyes or testes ▪ Over growing epiphyses of children ▪ Hemorrhage ▪ Contact lenses
78
Contraindications Specific for Non thermal
Deep tissues (internal organs)
79
Precautions
* External electronic medical devices nearby (EKG, EEG, TENS, & computer-controlled devices) = 3-5 m (10-16 ft) away from active diathermy devices * Copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive devices * Obesity (Capacitive SWD & MWD) * Impaired sensation or circulation * Decreased consciousness * Over moist clothes or accumulated sweats * Atrophic, infected or damaged skin * Over growing epiphyses of children (PSWD) * Excessive exposure of PT to radiation * 1-2 m (Continuous SWD); 0.5-1 m (PSWD)
80
Adverse Effect
Burns * Blistering
81
Documentation
* Continuous SWD or MWD x model/Machine x < distance > x < treatment area >x position x 20 min to < rationale > * Pulsed distance > x < treatment area >x position x 20 min to < rationale >

PMod (10 decks)

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