INTRO TO ES

Question 1

Measure of the number of free electrons that an atom
has lost or gained

Answer 1

Charge

Question 2

Charged particle

Answer 2

Ion

Question 3

Charge unit

Answer 3

Coulomb (6.25 x 10^18e-)

Question 4

Movement of charged particles in a conductor in
response to an applied electric field

Answer 4

Current

Question 5

Opposite the flow of electrons

Answer 5

Current

Question 6

Referred to as intensity or amplitude

Answer 6

Current

Question 7

Current unit

Answer 7

Ampere

Question 8

Aka electromotive force (emf) or electrical potential
difference

Answer 8

Voltage

Question 9

Difference between positive and negative
pole

Answer 9

Voltage

Question 10

Driving force that makes charged particles move

Answer 10

Voltage

Question 11

Voltage unit

Answer 11

Volts

Question 12

Opposition to movement of direct current (DC)

Answer 12

Resistance

Question 13

Unit of resistance

Answer 13

Ohm

Question 14

Ohm’s Law

Answer 14

V=IR
I=V/R

-Current is directly proportional (α) to voltage
-Current is indirectly proportional (1/α) to
resistance

Question 15

Opposition to movement of alternating current (AC)

Answer 15

Impedence

Question 16

Total frequency-dependent opposition to electric
current flow
o Circuit stimulator (resistive, capacitive,
inductive)
o Skin surface (resistive, capacitive)

Answer 16

Impedence

Question 17

The ease with which a material allows current to flow

Answer 17

Conductance

Question 18

The ease with which a material allows current to flow

Answer 18

Conductance

Question 19

The opposite of resistance

Answer 19

Conductance

Question 20

Unit of conductance

Answer 20

Mho, Siemen

Question 21

Ability to store charge using electrostatic field

Answer 21

Capacitance

Question 22

Standard unit of capacitance

Answer 22

Farad

Question 23

Capacitance=

Answer 23

Charge/Voltage

Question 24

Ability to store electrical energy by means of
electromagnetic field

Answer 24

Inductance

Question 25

Standard unit of inductance

Answer 25

Henry

Question 26

Electrical stimulation

Answer 26

Power source → waveform generation and timing control → output amplifier

Question 27

Means to deliver the current to the target area (human body)

Answer 27

Electrode

Question 28

Anode

Answer 28

+ Attracts anions (Cl-) • Repels cations • Acidic reaction (HCl) • Fewer large bubbles of O2 • Red • Decreased nerve excitability d/t hyperpolarization • Indifferent/dispersive electrode • Sedative • Hardening of tissue d/t solidification of protein (sclerotic)

Question 29

Cathode

Answer 29

- • Attracts cations (Na+) • Repels anions • Alkaline (basic) reaction (NaOH) • Many tiny bubbles of H • Black • Increased nerve excitability d/t depolarization • Active/stimulating electrode • Stimulative • Softening of tissue d/t liquefaction of protein (sclerolytic)

Question 30

Techniques to dec skin impedance

Answer 30

Hydration • Mild abrasion (not clinically recommended) o Rubbing skin of pt • Tissue warming o Use of IRR before ES • Use of high voltage (100 V) o HVPGC: high voltage pulsed galvanic current • Use of higher frequency o IFC: interferential current

Question 31

amount of current flow per unit area

Answer 31

Current density

Question 32

High in adipose tissue =

Answer 32

higher intensity needed

Question 33

Orientation ideal for muscle reeducation

Answer 33

Longitudinal

Question 34

Orientation ideal for larger muscle

Answer 34

Transverse

Question 35

Only one electrode is placed over the target area (the treatment/stimulating/active electrode/cathode)

Answer 35

Monopolar technique

Question 36

Uses of monopolar technique

Answer 36

motor point stimulation, dermal ulcers and wound healing, edema and iontophoresis

Question 37

Both electrodes are placed over the target are (same size) • Excitatory responses are perceived under both electrodes

Answer 37

Bipolar technique

Question 38

Uses of bipolar technique

Answer 38

muscle disuse atrophy, neuromuscular facilitation, ROM, limitation, protective muscle spasm, most circulatory disorders, pain

Question 39

Flow of current through human tissue usually with adverse effect

Answer 39

Electric shock

Question 40

Microshock

Answer 40

<1000mA

Question 41

Macroshock

Answer 41

>1000uA

Question 42

Threshold for tingling sensation

Answer 42

1mA

Question 43

Cannot release grip on electrical conductor due to muscle contraction

Answer 43

16mA

Question 44

Pain and possible fainting

Answer 44

50mA

Question 45

Ventricular fibrillations (heart affectation)

Answer 45

100mA-3A

Question 46

Sustained myocardial contraction, temporary respiratory paralysis and burns

Answer 46

6A

Question 47

Faraday’s Law

Answer 47

The amount of chemical reaction is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passing through the electrolytic solution

Question 48

Electrochemical effects

Answer 48

Polarity forms new chemical compounds Faraday’s Law

Question 49

Electrophysical/electromagnetic effects

Answer 49

- Ionic movements - Action Potential

Question 50

Electrothermal effects

Answer 50

Microvibration + friction= heat Joule’s Law

Question 51

Joule’s Law

Answer 51

the amount of heat production (H) is proportional to the square of the total current (I2), the resistance (R) and time (t) for which the current flows o H = 0.24 I2Rt