Dictionary Terms 1-107 Flashcards by Matilda Harrison

Limb movement laterally away from the body

Abduction

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Progressive loss of function of a tissue or of an organ

Abiotrophy

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Any puss-filled, walled off lesion

Abscess

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The ‘cup’ or ‘socket’ portion of a joint

Acetabulum

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A chemical used as a major neurotransmitter in the CNS & muscles, including the autonomic nervous system

Acetyl Choline (ACh) (biochemistry)

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An enzyme able to break down Acetylcholine

Acetylcholinesterase (AChase) (biochemistry)

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A vital protein component of muscles

Actin

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Of severe, rapid onset

Acute

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Limb movement medically towards the body

Adduction

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The carrier for phosphate, combined to produce ATP

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) (biochemistry)

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The major form of energy used by the cells

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) (biochemistry)

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The formation of scar tissue between structures not normally joined. Can create changes in locomotion and/or pain

Adhesion

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Hormone acting to increase sugar and blood pressure and accelerate heart rate. Same as Epinephrine

Adrenaline

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Represents the oxygen consumption to regenerate creative phosphate post-exercise

Alactic debt (biochemistry)

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Major protein in plasma, this maintains osmotic pressure in bloody vessels and acts as a transport protein for several substances

Albumin

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A form of autoimmunity. Histamine is released when sensitised cells are exposed to an allergen

Allergy

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Conversion of simple substances to more complex ones

Anabolism

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The breakdown of glucose or glycogen without the need for oxygen. Used in fast exercise. End product is lactate

Anaerobic Glycolysis

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Inability to flex or extend a joint; occurs secondary to trauma, infection or surgery. The end stage of DJD/osteoarthritis

Ankylosis

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These function to maintain tendon alignment where tendons cut across a joint

Annular

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Controls water balance by acting on the kidneys to alter urine concentration

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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Imperfect development of an organ or tissue

Aplasia

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The portion of the skeleton that is composed of the bones forming the pelvis and limbs

Appendicular

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Inflammation of a joint. Earliest stage of osteoarthritis

Arthritis

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Any joint disease

Arthropathy

Surgical procedure that uses an arthroscope to examine and carry out surgery while avoiding the need for a major incision

Arthroscopy

A joint. Many different types

Arthrosis

Pertaining to a joint

Articular

Fracture involving a joint. Risk of arthritis progressing to DJD

Articular Fracture (orthopaedics)

Chronic soft swelling of fetlock joint (aka wind puffs)

Articular Windgalls (conformation)

A muscle enzyme released with moderate - severe muscle damage. Used as a diagnostic aid with CPK

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

Remove fluid from a joint space, cavity or tissue using a syringe

Aspirate

Typically taken to indicate a wasting or shrinkage of organ or tissue - not actually correct - actually means 'no growth'

Atrophy

Group of diseases where the immune system attack is the body's own cells

Autoimmunity

Not subject to conscious control - involved in regulation of heartbeat, glandular secretions and smooth muscle contractions

Autonomic Nervous System

Pulling or tearing away

Avulsion

Area composed of skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum

Axial

Finger-like extension of nerve cells along which nerve impulses travel

Axon

Area of the neurone body which is the start of the action potential. Acts as a summator of events from dendritic inputs

Axon Hillock

An unwillingness to work, horse is anxious, sweats and has stilted movements. Muscles become damaged and muscle enzymes are elevated

Azoturia

Presence of bacteria (but not infection) in the blood stream

Bacteraemia

The bottom layer of the epidermis. Attached to a basement membrane

Basal cell layer

Contralateral pairs of limbs have narrower foot placement than normal

Base narrow

Contralateral pairs of limbs have wider foot placement than normal

Base wide

Inflammation of the bicipital bursa/tendon (located under the biceps tendon)

Bicipital Bursitis / Tendonitis (orthopaedics)

Distension of the stomach

Bloat

A twisting of the bowel (twisted gut)

Bowel torsion

Rounded skull and short maxilla/premaxilla. Usually prognathic. Pugs and boxers are typical examples

Brachiocephalic

Lower jaw is shorter than the upper one. This puts the lower incisors further behind the upper ones

Brachygnathism

Rupture of the suspensory apparatus I.e. The loss of one of more of the supporting structures of the fetlock

Broken down

Common cause of lameness, especially in flat-footed thoroughbreds (stone bruise)

Bruised sole

Injury caused by the foot or shoe of one limb striking the other. Damage occurs on the inside of the coronary band, Pastern, fetlock or canon

Brushing

Inflammation and haemorrhage over the front surface if the cannon bone. Common in 2-3 year old racehorses

Bucked shins

Advanced degenerative arthritis caused by new bone growth of the extensor ess of the coffin bone, leads to change of shape of the foot. Presents as a sudden, moderate lameness

Buttress foot

Heel bone. Fibulae tarsal bone

Calcaneous

Bony deposits in soft tissues

Calcification

Bone with spongy or lattice like internal structure e.g. Bone marrow

Cancellous

Chronic overgrowth of the tissues in the foot that produce horn. This is usually due to housing in unsanitary conditions

Canker

Third metacarpal/metatarsal bone

Cannon

Subcutaneous swelli (bursa) at the point of hock. Cosmetic blemish. No action required

Capped hock

Muscle layer of heart

Cardiac muscle

Enlarged heart, seen in cardiomyopathy

Cardiomegaly

Disease of cardiac muscle. Genetic or nutritional. Affects the function of the heart as a pump

Cardiomyopathy

Of the carpus

Carpal (carpo)

Construction of the annular ligament on the Palmer aspect of the carpus, often leading to lameness

Carpal tunnel syndrome (orthopaedics)

Inflammation affecting carpus and associated structures

Carpitis

Tissue matrix of proteins and carbohydrate (proteoglycans) with embedded chrondrocytes. Hyaline and fibrous forms

Cartilage (orthopaedics)

Specialised imaging technique producing cross sectional images of the body

Computer Aided Tomography (CAT) (diagnostics)

The breakdown of complex compounds into simpler ones

Catabolism

Nerve roots at the caudal end of the spinal cord

Cauda Equina (neurology)

Towards the tail

Caudal

Comprised of forebrain and cerebrum, midbrain, hindbrain and cerebellum and spinal cord

Central nervous system (CNS) (neurology)

Area of the brain concerned with motor function, balance and coordination

Cerebellum (neurology)

Degenerative disease of the neck vertebrae

Cervical spondylopathy (orthopaedics)

General term for molars and premolars, usually referring to herbivores

Cheek teeth

Phasic changes in the depth of respiration. Seen in circulatory disorders or after intense exercise

Cheyne-Stokes breathing (neurology)

Malignant tumour of cartilage

Chondrosarcoma

Scar formation

Cicatrization

Limb movement in an arc rather than in the Sagittal plane

Circumduction

Kreb's cycle. Enables the oxidation of glucose and fats to produce energy (ATP). Requires oxygen

Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) (biochemistry)

Creatine phosphokinase (biochemistry)

Distal phalanx (P3) of the limb, incorporated into the hoof

Coffin bone

Inflammation of the large colon. Can become chronic

Colitis

Bone is broken or crushed into fragments

Comminuted Fracture (orthopaedics)

An open fracture where one breaks through the skin

Compound fracture (orthopaedics)

Curved joint surface

Condyle

Overall physical appearance reflecting the arrangement of muscle, bone and tissue

Conformation

Differing types of supportive tissues that hold body structures together

Connective tissue

Orthopaedic condition occurring in foals. Associated with rapid growth rate and high levels of nutrition

Contracted tendons (orthopaedics)

On the opposite side

Contralateral

A bruise

Contusion

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD

Changed into hardened tissue, of skin

Cornified

Ring of vascular tissue along the upper edge of the hoof wall from which horn of the hoof grows

Coronary

Inflammation of the coronary band

Coronitis

Steroid hormones, cortisol etc produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland

Corticosteroids (biochemistry)

Creatine Phosphokinase

CPK (biochemistry)

The result of dermatitis or infection situated below the back of the fetlock and between the heels

Cracked heels

Towards the front of the animal, including the front facing aspects of the limbs

Cranial

Better name than anterior cruciate ligament

Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) (orthopaedics)

A compound in muscles used as a rapid method of regenerating ATP

Creative phosphate (CrP) (biochemistry)

A muscle specific enzyme. Raised levels of this can indicate muscle disorders, very sensitive. Used with AST

Creating phosphokinase (CPK) (biochemistry)

A breakdown product of creatine. Used to measure kidney function

Creatinine (Cr) (biochemistry)

Desmitis of the planar tarsal ligament. Also the name given to a cosmetic blemish in the same area

Curb

Primary or secondary hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex. Aka PPID

Cushions syndrome (HAC)

Messenger molecules (e.g. Interferon, interleukin) used to signal and instruct cells of the immune system

Cytokines (biochemistry)

Examination of cells obtained by scraping or biopsy of an area

Cytology

Dictionary Terms 1-107 Flashcards

(107 cards)