Dictionary Terms 108-213 Flashcards by Matilda Harrison

Chronic changes within a joint including deposition of periarticular new bone. Same as osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease (DJD)

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Release of granules from a cell

Degranulation

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Breakdown of healing at the site of a wound or suture

Dehiscence

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Multiple extensions of a neurone to create a tree like structure. Has multiple synaptic inputs from other neurones

Dendrite

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DNA. The chemical basis of genetic material of living cells

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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Inflammation of a ligament

Desmitis

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Disease typified by abnormal thirst and urination

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

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Disease typified by high blood glucose. Several forms. Requires dietary management and/or insulin injections. wound infections are more troublesome

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

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Central shaft of long bone

Diaphysis

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Joint comprising lubricating fluid, hyaline cartilage and synovial membrane/joint capsule

Diarthrosis

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Space between teeth. In horses this refers to the area between the incisors and premolars

Diastema

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Inflammation of vertebral disc

Discospondylitis (orthopaedics)

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More distant from the axial skeleton

Distal

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Loss of muscle mass due to lack of use. Technically this is a hypotrophy

Disuse atrophy

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Long skull, Maxilla and premaxilla. Can be parrot mouthed or brachygnathic. Greyhounds are typical

Dolichocephalic

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Towards the top of the animal.

Dorsal

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Removal of one of more of the dorsal spinous processes and the vertebral arch to decompress the spinal cord in thoracic-lumbar regions

Dorsal laminectomy (orthopaedics)

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Lying upside down

Dorsal recumbency

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Bending of spine in the median plane to for, a U-shape

Dorsiflexion

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An abnormality in development, size or shape of a cell

Dysplasia

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Protein in connective tissues making fibres flexible

Elastin

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Range of frequencies of radiation from radio waves (lowest) through microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, and X-rays to gamma rays (highest)

Electromagnetic spectrum

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Examination of the electrical activity of muscles; used for diagnostic purposes

Electromyography

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Separation of components of a mixture using an applied electrical field as this causes differing migration of components

Electrophoresis

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Electrical surgical procedure to remove tissue or to seal blood vessels e.g. Electrocautery

Electrosurgery

Hormone imbalance which leads to disease

Endocrinology

Examination of internal cavity or organ using an endoscope

Endoscopy

Inflammation of small intestine

Enteritis

Muscles dorsal to spinal column. Creates dorsiflexion

Epaxial (muscles)

Same as adrenaline

Epinephrine

End of a long bone

Epiphysis

Condition similar to rickets affecting ends of long bones. Leads to enlarged, painful joints

Epiphysitis

A chronic progressive disease that effects young horses. It is related to vitamin E deficiency and is characterised by gait abnormalities

Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy

A collection of biochemical faults in horses typified by raised plasma glucose, hyoerinsulinaemia and laminitis. May be the forerunner of PPID

Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)

Red blood cells. No nucleus once fully mature, produced by the red marrow. Lifetime approx. 90-120 days

Erythrocytes

Full thickness skin lesion formed in the healing process. Healing is prevented. Requires surgery.

Eschar

Cause of a disease

Etiology

Normal growth

Euplasia

Normal tissue mass

Eutrophy

Muscle diseases arising as a result of exertion. These include Azoturia and endurance related myopathies

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

The bending of a joint to increase the angle between the bones which make the joint

Extension

Small sesamoid bones at the caudodistal part of the femur. Attachment points for gastrocnemius

Fabellae

Sheets of fibrous tissue that sheath the muscles and define their shape

Fascia

Frequent, small localised muscle contractions

Fasciculations

Mammalian skeletal muscle fibres (type 2)

Fast twitch

Joint between long pastern and cannon bones

Fetlock

An insoluble protein that forms nucleus of clot

Fibrin

Clotting factor in the blood. The enzyme thrombin converts it into its active form fibrin

Fibrinogen

An immature fibrocyte

Fibroblast

Form of cartilage with high collagen content. Used as a shock absorber e.g. Intervertebral discs

Fibrocartilage

Malignant tumour of connective tissue cells

Fibrosarcoma

The formation of tough connective tissue, scarring

Fibrosis

Infected tracts forming around the withers

Fistulous withers

The bending of a joint to reduce the angle between the bones which make the joint

Flexion

Controls maturation of the ovum and ovulation

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Natural hole in a bone

Foramen

Common name for laminitis

Founder

Triangular thickened area in the middle of the sole of the hoof. Shock absorber and blood pumping actions

Frog

Sudden and intense onset, coming to a peak

Fulminant

Dark line, vertically orientated, that forms on the outside of the upper lateral incisors. Length and appearance of this line may be useful in determining the age of a horse

Galvayne's groove

Reproductive cells having a single set of chromosomes

Gametes

Decay and tissue death usually due to loss of blood supply and bacterial invasion of tissue

Gangrene

Region of hind limb below stifle I.e. Tibia

Gaskin

Inflammation of the stomach

Gastritis

Genetic makeup of a cell. Determines the phenotype

Genotype

Hinge joint

Ginglymus

Simple carbohydrate. Used in many metabolic processes as an energy source

Glucose

Steroid hormones secreted by adrenal glands. These exert an anti-inflammatory effect on arthritis and dermatitis

Glucosteroids

Complex branched carbohydrate broken down into glucose when needed by the body. Stored in liver and muscles

Glycogen

Enlarged thyroid

Goiter

Of the stifle, or genu

Gonio

Develops at the site of a healing wound. This newly formed tissue is rich I'm blood vessels but lacks nerve endings

Granulation

Accumulation of white blood cells at an offending agent. This lesion is indicative of chronic infection

Granuloma

Drainage at the coronary band of the foot caused by infection ravelling up the hoof wall

Gravel

Acute dermatitis under the fetlock

Greasy heel

Large collection of neurone bodies within the CNS

Grey matter (neurology)

Effect on many tissues to stimulate growth

Growth hormone (GH)

See 'physis'

Growth plate

Learning process whereby response to a stimulus gradually declines. Animal eventually becomes desensitised and no longer responds to the stimulus

Habituation

Oxygen-carrying 4-part protein inside red blood cells. Contains and haem unit, which carries an iron ion

Haemoglobin (Hb)

Bone and tissue making up the roof of the mouth. It separates the oral and nasal cavities

Hard palate

COPD, SAD or SAPD. The end stage of these diseases causing marked hyper trophy of the abdominal muscles,as seen by the 'heave line' during expiration. Double expiratory effort seen

Heaves

Removal of part of the vertebral arch to decompress the spinal cord in thoracic to lumbar regions

Hemilaminectomy (orthopaedics)

Form of cartilage found on joint surfaces, growth plates and healing bones

Hyaline (orthopaedics)

Muscles ventral to the spinal column. Generally refers to the muscles causing ventroflexion, but technically most muscles are hypaxial

Hypaxial (muscles)

The bending of a joint to increase the angle between the bones which make the joint, beyond 180 degrees

Hyperextension

Increase in cell numbers

Hyperplasia

Increased thyroid activity mainly seen in older cats. May see sudden hindlimb paralysis due to blood clots

Hyperthyroidism

Muscle has more palpable tone than normal

Hypertonic (palpation)

Increase in tissue mass. Due to an increase in cell size, not cell numbers

Hypertrophy

Decrease in cell mass due to a decrease in cell numbers

Hypoplasia

Muscle has less palpable tone than normal

Hypotonic (palpation)

Decrease in tissue mass. Due to a decrease in cell size, not cell number

Hypotrophy

Having no known cause

Idiopathic

Antibodies

Immunoglobulins

Localised tissue death as a result of an obstructed blood supply

Infarct

Tube like space in the centre of incisors and cheek teeth. In equine teeth this is filled or nearly filled with cementum

Infundibulum (anatomy)

Distribution of nerves to a particular area

Innervation

Old name for the pelvis (os coaxae)

Innominate bone (anatomy)

See equine metabolic syndrome

Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus

The skin

Integument (anatomy)

Specialised group of protein molecules able to inhibit growth of tumour cells, to inhibit rep,I cation of viruses and to modulate certain compounds of the immune system

Interferons

Area outside cells, but still within the organic matrix

Interstitial (anatomy)

Able to change atoms to ions (charged atoms). Ionising radiation includes X-rays and radioactive isotopes

Ionise

Caused by loss of blood supply

Ischaemic

Endocrine cells of the pancreas. Cells in this area are the source of insulin

Islets of Langerhans