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4 Med Neuro > Diencephalon > Flashcards

Diencephalon Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Inputs to the thalamus:

7 of them

A 
Cerebral Cortex
Hypothal
Br. Stem
Sp Cd
Cerebellum
BG
Sensory inputs
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2
Q

Outputs of Thalamus (2 of them)

A

Cerebral Cortex

BG

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3
Q

DIENCEPHALON is embryologically located between the

A

telencephalon and the mesencephalon.

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4
Q

Diencephalon:
It is between the ______ and the _____.
It is________ to the internal capsule, and is divided in the midline by the_________

A

cerebral cortex and brainstem
medial
third ventricle

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5
Q

Three parts of Epithalamus

A

Habenula: involved in the limbic pathway
Pineal gland: synthesizes serotonin and converts it to melatonin
Posterior commissure: links pretectal and other nuclei of the two sides

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6
Q

Invovled in limbic pathway (part of epithalamus)

A

Habenula

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7
Q

Links pretectal and other nuclei of two sides (part of epithalamus)

A

Posterior Commissure

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8
Q

Dorsal thalamus structures:

A

Thalamic nuclei
Internal medullary lamina
External medullary lamina

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9
Q

provide a strong link to cerebral cortex (part of dorsal thalamus)

A

Thalamic nuclei (part of dorsal thalamus)

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10
Q

a band of myelinated fibers that subdivide thalamic nuclei into anterior, lateral, and medial nuclear groups

A

Internal medullary lamina (part of dorsal thalamus)

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11
Q

a narrow band of myelinated fibers lateral to thalamic nuclei

A

External medullary lamina (part of dorsal thalamus)

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12
Q

Ventral Thalamus structures (2 of them)

A

Reticular Nucleus of the Thalamus:

Ventral Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (vLGN)

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13
Q

between the external medullary lamina and the internal

capsule

A

Reticular Nucleus of the Thalamus

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14
Q

Structures of Subthalamus (2 of them)

A

Zona Incerta

Subthamamic Nucleus of Luys

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15
Q

located between hpyothatlamus and dorsal thalamus

A

Subthalamus

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16
Q

Controlling Center of ANS

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

Has neuorbehavioral functions and regulation of hormoes released by hypophysis

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

Structures in hypothalamus

A

hypothalmic nuclei
infundibulum
hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Hypophyseal protal system

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19
Q

vascular connection btwn hypothalamus and ant pituitary

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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20
Q

Thalamus is supplied by branches of Circle of Willis (5 of them)

A 
Anterior Communicating artery
Posterior Communicating artery
ACA
PCA
Internal Carotid artery
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21
Q

Involved with basal ganglia and extrapyramidal activity

A

subthalamus

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22
Q

Medial to posterior limb of internal capsule and surrounds the third ventricle

23
Q

Thalamus relays all sensory information to the cerebral cortex except…

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A

olfactor input to the thalamus is from piriform cortex

24
Q

Role of thalamus in motor and sensory information:

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A

relays motor info to cerebral cortex

Integrates sensory info from different modalities and projects to association cortex

25
Where does sensory information from thalamus project to in the cortex?
Association cortex
26
Relays emotional and affective information to the cortex.
Thalamus
27
The thalamus is part of the “Papez circuit” of the Limbic System, projects to the
limbic cortex
28
intimately involved in the control of alertness, arousal, and sleep
Thalamus
29
Relationship between thalamus and cortex
It is under direct cortical feedback and control: reciprocal connections between the thalamus and the cortex.
30
Anterior Nuclear Group Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions
Afferent input: mammilary body Efferent Output: Cingulate Gyrus limbic fnxs
31
Ventral Anterior (VA) Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions
Afferent input: GP Efferent Output: Premotor Cortex ~ area 6 motor functions
32
Ventral Lateral (VL) Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions
Afferent input: Dentate nucleus of cerebellum Efferent Output: Motor (4) and Premotor (6) Motor functions
33
Ventral Posterior Lateral (VPL) Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions
Afferent Input: Dorsal Column-medial lemniscus and spinothalmic Efferent Output: Somatosensory (3,1,2) Somatic sensation of Body
34
Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM) Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions
Afferent INput: sensory nuclei of trigerminal nerve Efferent Output: Somatosensory (3,1,2) Somatic sensation of face
35
Lateral geniculate Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions
Afferent Input: retinal ganglion cells Efferent Output: primary visual cortex (area 17) vision functions
36
Medial Geniculate Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions
Afferent input: inferior colliculus Efferent Output: Primary auditory cortex (41, 42) Audition fnx
37
Lateral Dorsal (LD) Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions
Afferent input: cingulate gyrus Efferent output: cingulate gryrus Emotional Expression
38
Lateral Posterior (LP) Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions
Afferent input: parietal cortex Efferent output: parietal cortex Sensory integration
39
Pulvinar (Pul) Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions
Afferent input: Superior colliculus, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes Efferent output: parietal, occiptal and temporal (POT) integrates senesory information
40
Medial Dorsal (MD)
Afferent input: amygdaloid nuclear complex, olfactory, hypothalamus Efferent output: prefrontal cortex Fnx: limbic
41
Midline nuclie Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions
Afferent: reticular formation and hypothal Efferent: Basal forebrain limbic fnxs
42
``` Intralaminar nuclei: Centro-median (CM) Centro-lateral (CL) Parafascicularis (PF) Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions ```
Afferent: reticular formation, spinothalmic tract, GP and coritcal areas Efferent: BG and wide areas of cortex Role in pain, sleep and wakefullness
43
Reticular nucleus: Afferent Input Efferent Output Functions
Afferent: cortex, thalamus, brain stem reticular formation Efferent: thalmic nuclei Modulates thalamic activity
44
Typical responses in sensory thalamic relay neurons: | • Single cell response in VPL of human during therapeutic surgery:
bursts of discharge in specific sensory relay nucleus of the VPL when a specific sensory periphery on the contralateral body is stimulated.
45
Causes of thalamic syndrome
Usually caused by a vascular lesion or tumor; relatively rare.
46
Thalamic syndome: Usually involves damage to the
lateral group of thalamic nuclei (VPL)
47
Progression of thalamic syndrome: Initial soon after Later
initially, a transitory contralateral hemianalgesia. • Soon, painful sensations appear with noxious stimuli. • Later, pain is provoked by pressure, touch, and vibration.
48
Thalamic syndrome: In time, a state of spontaneous, constant or paroxysmal pain is evoked on the _________ without any external stimulus (Dysesthesia).
affected side (contralateral)
49
What happens to the threshold for pain/temp/tactile sensation on affected side of thalamic syndrome?
The threshold for pain, temperature, and tactile sensation, however, is usually lowered on the affected side.
50
What is unique about pain in pts with thalamic syndrome?
once the threshold is reached, pain has a strong emotional overtone to it
51
Reticular activating system is activated by
repetitive, low freq stimulation
52
Connections in the reticular activating system:
interconnected with each other and recipricolly with specific thalamic nuclei
53
Repetitive stimulation of non-specific thalamic nuclei evokes cortical recruitement which will
wax and wane
54
Controls level of excitability of neurons over wide areas of cortex
Reticular activating system

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