Hypothalamus

Question 1

forms wall and floor of inferior part of 3rd ventricle and is under thalamus (seperated by hypothalmic sulcus).

Answer 1

Hypothalamus

Question 2

stalk of hypophysis (pitiutiary) and has phophyseal portal vesles and tracts connecting hypothalamus and posterior part of hypophysis

Answer 2

Infundibulum

Question 3

Where classes of hypothalmic neurons release regulatory factors carried by portal vessels to ant. Pit.

Answer 3

Median eminence of anterior part

Question 4

bulge btwn optic chaism and mammilary bodies

Answer 4

Tuber cinerum

Question 5

Hypothalamus is highly vascularized by

Answer 5

Small branches off circle of Willis

Question 6

Vascularity in hypothalamus is key component of

Answer 6

responsiveness of hypothalmic neuronal populations to negative feeback of circulating hormones

Question 7

No distinction btwn pereventricular and medial zones of hypothalamus but
Medial and lateral separated by

Answer 7

fornix (ventrally)
 mammillothalamic tract (dorsally)

Question 8

Lateral Pre-optic Nucleus is part of Lateral zone
from the:
developmentally:

Answer 8

Anterior part, telencephalic devo

Question 9

induces eating when stimulated; ablation causes anorexia, starvation and originally thought to serve as the feeding center

Answer 9

Lateral hypothalmic nucleus in the Lateral Zone

Question 10

Lateral hypothalmic nucleus in the Lateral Zone

Answer 10

induces eating when stimulated; ablation causes anorexia, starvation and originally thought to serve as the feeding center

Question 11

located at ventrolateral surface at tuberal and mammillary levels of medial zone

Answer 11

Tuberomammillary nucleus

Question 12

contains large neurons that release histamine as NT via axonal projections to portions of the the forebrain

Answer 12

Tuberomammilary nucleus

Question 13

Key for attention and arousal, actively inhibited during sleep

Answer 13

Tuberomammillary nucleus

Question 14

Three parts of the Lateral zone in hypothalamus

Answer 14

Lateral Preoptic Nucleus
Lateral Hypothalmic
Tuberomammillary Nucleus

Question 15

The Medial zone contains

Answer 15

Preoptic
Anterior or suprachaismic
Middle tuberal region
Posterior mammilary region

Question 16

This layer of cells lining the wall of the third ventricle at supraoptic and tuberal levels.

Answer 16

Periventricular nucleus.

Question 17

Periventricular nucleus consists of several very small nuclei that are often also considered by some authors as parts of nuclei of

Answer 17

the medial zone (preoptic, suprachiasmatic, paraventricular, arcuate).

Question 18

The hypothalamus is extensively interconnected with many portions of the neuraxis, most notably:

Answer 18

1) basal forebrain regions that are components the limbic system,
2) brainstem regions that serve as part of the autonomic nervous system, and
3) the pituitary gland (hypophysis).

Question 19

the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus receive a large axonal projection from the hippocampus via this pathway. (Also contains axons that serve as inputs to the hippocampus from multiple brain regions)

Answer 19

Fornix-

Question 20

Mammilothalamic tract:

Answer 20

projects from the mammillary bodies (nuclei) to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus

Question 21

• prominent pathway interconnecting the amygdaloid complex (i.e. amygdala) with the medial zone of the hypothalamus.

Answer 21

Stria terminalis

Question 22

Stria terminalis prominent path that interconnects the _______ with the ________

Answer 22

amygdaloid complex with the medial zone of the hyopthalamus

Question 23

the most complex fiber pathway in the central nervous system, containing at least 50 distinct constituent parts or pathways.

Answer 23

Medial forebrain bundle

Question 24

Location of the medial forebrain bundle

Answer 24

It extends throughout the entire lateral hypothalamic zone, interconnecting regions from the septal nuclei (rostrally) to the brainstem (caudally)

Question 25

– conducts fibers from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei to the neurohypophysis.

Answer 25

Supraopticohypophyseal tract

Question 26

What is special about the axons of the supraopticohypophyseal tract

Answer 26

these are axons of the large (magnocellular) neurons that synthesize either AVP or oxytocin.

Question 27

conducts fibers from the arcuate nucleus to the hypophyseal portal system at the median eminence of the infundibulum.

Answer 27

Tuberoinfundibular tract –

Question 28

These axons carry neuropeptide releasing or inhibiting factors which act upon anterior pituitary cells (corticotrophs, lactotrophs, gonadotrophs, somatotrophs, thyrotrophs)

Answer 28

Tuberioinfundibular tract

Question 29

Tuberoinfundibulum tract conducts fibers from the _______to the _________at the median eminence of the infundibulum.

Answer 29

arcuate nucleus | hypophyseal portal system

Question 30

– contains descending axons that regulate spinal cord preganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 30

Hypothalamospinal tract

Question 31

Damage to this tract as it descends through the brainstem may induce Horner’s syndrome

Answer 31

Hypothalamospinal tract

Question 32

Hypothalamospinal tract originates primarily from the

Answer 32

paraventricular nucleus.

Question 33

Major Regulatory Functions of the Hypothalamus

Answer 33

``` Body Temperature Feeding and Energy Metabolism Emergency Responses to Stress Blood Pressure and Electrolyte Composition Reproductive Functions ```

Question 34

serves to integrate________ and ________ functions with behavior, particularly those behaviors concerning basic homeostatic requirements of everyday life.

Answer 34

autonomic | endocrine

Question 35

the hypothalamus can access sensory information from

Answer 35

the entire body (For example, visual information is relayed there (to the suprachiasmatic nucleus), as are pain inputs from the spinal cord and via the trigeminal nerve, as well as affective stimuli from components of the limbic system.)

Question 36

The hypothalamus contains _______ neurons that are responsive to changes in local temperature, osmolality, and glucose and sodium concentrations.

Answer 36

internal sensory

Question 37

circulating hormones act on hypothalamic neurons either

Answer 37

directly or indirectly

Question 38

hypothalamus is thought to establish biological set points for

Answer 38

temperature, blood osmolality, glucose, sodium and levels of hormones.

Question 39

When a deviation from set point is detected by the hypothalamus, it responds by adjusting an array of

Answer 39

autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses to restore homeostasis.

Question 40

How does the hypothalamus maintain homeostasis

Answer 40

extensively interconnected with sites of autonomic and endocrine outflow, as well as limbic areas that affect behavioral responsiveness, all of which are coordinated to accomplish this complex regulation.

Question 41

Thermoregulation: _______ for heat dissipation ________ for heat conservation

Answer 41

Anterior nucleus | Posterior nucleus

Question 42

Mech of heat dissipation by the anterior nucleus

Answer 42

sweating, cutaneous vascular dilatation and accelerated respiration and by activating portions of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 43

Mech of heat conservation by the posterior nucleus

Answer 43

shivering, cessation of sweating, cutaneous vascular constriction and activation of appropriate endocrine (e.g. thyroid) responses to alter (increase) metabolic rate.

Question 44

The hypothalamic regions sensitive to heat and cold are under influences of the________ and are also interconnected with brainstem and spinal cord regions that mediate these effects.

Answer 44

limbic forebrain,

Question 45

bilateral destruction of the anterior hypothalamic area results in

Answer 45

hyperthermia

Question 46

bilateral lesions of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus and surrounding area cause

Answer 46

an inability to thermoregulate altogether (a condition termed “poikilothermia”)

Question 47

an inability to thermoregulate altogether or poikothermia in the posterior hypothalamic nucleus is due to

Answer 47

due to the loss of both the cold- sensitive neurons in the region, and the descending projections of the warm-sensitive neurons (from the anterior hypothalamus) which course through the region en route to the brainstem.

Question 48

Hypothalamus role in stress resposne

Answer 48

coordinating the classic ‘fight-or-flight’ response This involves neuroendocrine control of the release of stress hormones from the adrenal cortex (e.g. glucocorticoids) as well as epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla.

Question 49

hypothalamus is under afferent regulatory control by numerous brain regions such as the

Answer 49

pre-frontal cortex, limbic forebrain, and brainstem.

Question 50

Hypothalamus integrate signaling from these pre-frontal cortex, limbic forebrain, and brainstem and the input from which varies according to the nature of the stressor (physical, psychogenic, visceral, etc.), and to produce an appropriately coordinated set of responses involving

Answer 50

outflow through autonomic, endocrine and other systems.

Question 51

Two prominent components of the limbic system, the ________ and________, are extensively interconnected with the hypothalamus.

Answer 51

amygdala | hippocampus

Question 52

Feeding: a central role is played by neurons of the______ , located at the ventral surface of the hypothalamus at the middle or tuberal level.

Answer 52

arcuate nucleus

Question 53

Lateral hypothalamic area is for _______ | ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus ________

Answer 53

feeding | satiety

Question 54

Two distinct sets of neurons within the arcuate nucleus have opposing effects upon food intake.

Answer 54

1. AgRP (agoiuti-related peptide) + neuropeptide Y | 2. MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) and CART (cocaine and amphetamine responsive transcript

Question 55

What is the role of AgRP and neuropeptide Y in feeding

Answer 55

These cells have a number of local hypothalamic projections that serve to signal increased feeding and a concomitant decrease in metabolism.

Question 56

What is the role of MSH/POMC and CART in feeding

Answer 56

synthesize and release and act upon secondary hypothalamic neurons. Activation of POMC/CART neurons signals decreased feeding accompanied by increased metabolism.

Question 57

These neurons synthesize and release and act upon secondary hypothalamic neurons. Activation of POMC/CART neurons signals decreased feeding accompanied by increased metabolism.

Answer 57

MSH/POMC and CART

Question 58

Output from both sets of neurons is integrated in the brainstem, specifically, at the _________ which appears to act as a satiety center.

Answer 58

nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)

Question 59

hormones ghrelin is released when? | has what affect on feedin

Answer 59

(released from the stomach just prior to a meal) | stimulates feeding

Question 60

PPY (polypeptide Y) released from the GI tract is released when? Acts on AgRP/NPY and MSH/CART how?

Answer 60

immediately following a meal, | inhibit feeding

Question 61

Gastric distension and CCK release from the gastrointenstinal tract act to

Answer 61

produce satiety at the brainstem (NTS) level

Question 62

produce satiety at the brainstem (NTS) level

Answer 62

CCK

Question 63

In the longer term, the hormone______ is released by fat cells, signaling a decrease in feeding. This appears to occur through at the arcuate nucleus by_____ of the AgRP/NPY neurons and______ of MSH/CART neurons.

Answer 63

leptin inhibition stimulation

Question 64

The peptides orexin and melanin-concentraing hormone (MCH), both of which are produced by neurons located mainly within the

Answer 64

lateral hypothalamic area

Question 65

peptide and hormone that induce feeding when released.

Answer 65

MCH | orexin

Question 66

______has been shown decrease food intake, as has_____ secretion in response to stress.

Answer 66

central oxytocin secretion | CRH

Question 67

- Congenital tumor (usually calcified) originating from remnants of Rathke’s pouch. - Most common supratentorial tumor in children - Pressure on optic chiasm results in bitemporal hemianopsia - Pressure on overlying hypothalamus results in “hypothalamic syndrome” of adiposity, diabetes insipidus, temperature regulation disturbances, and somnolence

Answer 67

Craniopharyngioma

Question 68

posterior hypothalamic lesions involving mammillary bodies associated with

Answer 68

inability to form new memories (episodic) for context- and time-specific events.

Question 69

hypothalamic (autoimmune?) disorder primarily in adolescent males - hypersomnolence - episodic compulsive eating hypersexuality - associated with decrease in dopaminergic tone during symptomatic phase

Answer 69

Klein-Levin Syndrome

Question 70

Klein-Levin Syndrome

Answer 70

hypothalamic (autoimmune?) disorder primarily in adolescent males - hypersomnolence - episodic compulsive eating hypersexuality - associated with decrease in dopaminergic tone during symptomatic phase