Differential Acheivement- Gender

Question 1

Changes in education-education reform act 1988

Answer 1

Introduction of coursework, abolition of the 11 plus and intro of the national curriculum. Means boys and girls were entitled to the same education and coursework- girls liked as more methodical and organised

Question 2

Changes to education-initiatives-GIST and WISE

Answer 2

Teacher training form the 70s changed and teachers believed it is imprints to to develop girls on a new way. Exam questions , textbooks and classroom language has changed to include and recognise girls so they see education as an institution for them

Question 3

Outside-changes in aspirations -sharpe

Answer 3

Interviews to show how girls priorities have changed . In 74 focused in love marriage, husbands then careers but in 96, focused more on job, careee and being bake to support themselves, making them more confident, assertive and ambitious. Means worked harder in education

Question 4

Outside-Francis and Skelton

Answer 4

Found that the majority of pupils in primary and secondary schools saw their future identity in terms of careers inseptead if seeing employment as a stop gap before marriage. Girls from middle class families were under increasing pressure from parents to achieve in exams

Question 5

Outside-beck

Answer 5

Risk society-moving into an era of second modernity where we are at greater risk and uncertainty y. Can be seen in greater concern about risk of divorce and relationshi breakdown and loss of jobs. People have become more individualised so are more self suffiecnt - particularly for women who are setting the pace for change as are putting their financial independent first and more wary of risks of marriage and economic dependence on a husband

Question 6

Outside-socialisation-burns and bracey

Answer 6

Girls put more effort into homework and are prepare to draft and redraft assignments. Girls appear to mature earlier than it’s and that they work harder and are more motivated

Question 7

Outside-socialisation-Oakley and mcRobbie and garber

Answer 7

U know Oakley -mcrobbie and garber- girls more protected by parents and given less freedoms than brothers so spend more time at home and develop bedroom cultures means more likely to study and help eachtkher with homework which is conducive to learning

Question 8

Outside-socialisation-mistos and browne

Answer 8

Use stats on achievement to argue that boys are underachieving but also that girls are disadvantaged via subject choices and life chances.

Question 9

Achievement of girls-changes to the job market-arnot

Answer 9

There is a growing number of female teachers and women in maganemtn ositions in secondary education and FE, provides positive role Mondale for women show that being clever isn’t unattractive

Question 10

Achievement of girls Changes to job market Mac an ghail and mists and brown

Answer 10

Mac-crisis of masc felt by males after deindustrialisation, regarded new jobs as fem so did not work hard in education . Mistos- boys and girls socialisation is diff and girls may enhance their opps e.g. bedroom culture

Question 11

Fem underachievement -Kelly, Colley , heaton and Lawson

Answer 11

See last thing

Question 12

Male underachievement-cult of masculinity , Willis and sewell , Mac and ghail also jackson and frosh et al

Answer 12

See last thing- Jackson-boys assert laddish identities as a way of redeveloping their masculinity (anti school and working hard is not masc, more confident about abilities so think they don’t need to work hard (also for working class ladettes). Frosh eg al -boys risk being labelled as gay by peers if they work hard which lead to anti school subcultures, boys assert masculinity by heterosexual

Question 13

Boys underachievement-teachers expectations -Epstein

Answer 13

Poor boys discourse-boys seen as victims as the way schools are run , organisation of teaching and exams discriminate against biys and the biys will we boys discourse- teachers claim boys have a natural inclination to be boys- are naturally clever but are lazy and difficult to motivate, also noisy

Question 14

Boys underachievement-teachers expectations - Francis and Skelton

Answer 14

The Problem boys discourse- boys seen. As problem by teachers, develop anti learning behaviour. The at risk boys discourse- boys are not bad but vulnerable are socially excluded and disconnected by wider society. Confused, insecure take refuge in hegemonic masculinity to boost self estee,

Question 15

Boys underachievement teachers expectations-coffey

Answer 15

This amounts to a moral panic, an operatic ton to society to small or own . Fears reflect wider concerns abiut falling educational standards but attainment for both sexed S is improving and ignores diffs of social class and ethnicity