Differential Achievement by Class

Question 1

Who found that high-attaining boys from the most advantaged homes are 2.5 years ahead of high-attaining boys from the least advantaged homes by the age of 15?

Answer 1

John Jerrim (2013)

Question 2

What did John Jerrim (2013) find?

Answer 2

High-attaining boys from the most advantaged homes are 2.5 years ahead of high-attaining boys from the least advantaged homes by the age of 15.

Question 3

Reasons the rich achieve higher:
1) _______ schools have a more _______ _______.

2) They have ______ _______, giving them more ________.
3) They have a stereotypically ____ ____ ____, therefore _____ _______ & more ____/_____ to _____.
4) Their ______ have money to afford _____, ______ and ______ schools etc.

Answer 3

a) Private schools
b) advanced extra-curriculum

c) family connections
d) opportunities

e) calm home life
f) fewer distractions
g) time/space
h) learn

i) families
j) tutors, textbooks and private schools

Question 4

How many pupils in the UK are eligible for FSM?

Answer 4

750,000

Question 5

What makes a student eligible for FSM?

Answer 5

Their guardians receive income support or benefits e.g Job’s Seekers Allowance.

Question 6

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
The four sociologists that theorise on cultural deprivation are:
- B______ S_______ (___)

• L_____ F________ (___)
• G_______ and G_____ (___)
• B_____ B________ (___)

Answer 6

• Barry Sugarman (1970)
• Leon Feinstein (2003)
• Goodman and Gregg (2010)
• Basil Bernstein (1977)

Question 7

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

B\_\_\_\_\_ S\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_) theorised that the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_ are unable to \_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, so they don't do \_\_\_\_\_ for \_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_.
They do not believe that they \_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 7

a) Barry Sugarman (1970)
b) working class
c) resist pleasure
d) things
e) long term gain
f) can improve

Question 8

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

L_______ F_______ (___) theorised that the _____ factors in pupil’s _______ is how they’re _______ at ____.

Answer 8

a) Leon Feinstein (2003)
b) crucial
c) achievement
d) supported at home

Question 9

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

G_______ and G____ (___) theorised that a child’s ______ also depends on their ______ _____ on _______, their _______ between ____ ______ and their _______ in ______.

Answer 9

a) Goodman and Gregg (2010)
b) success
c) parent’s views on education,
d) interactions
e) one another
f) involvement in school.

Question 10

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

Basil Bernstein theorised that ______ shapes _________ achievement as __________ speak in ________ codes whereas __________ speak in ________ codes.

Answer 10

a) speech
b) educational
c) working-classes
d) restricted
e) middle-classes
f) elaborated

Question 11

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

List 2 criticisms of cultural deprivation theory.

Answer 11

Blames working-class for their own failure.

Gillian Evans (2007) - working-class parents placed very high value on education & encouraged children to succeed.

Question 12

External - CULTURAL CAPITAL

What is the difference between cultural capital and cultural deprivation (Pierre Bourdieu)?

Answer 12

Cultural capital asserts there’s nothing wrong with working-class culture, but rather education doesn’t consider it and it is not valued within society.

Question 13

External - CULTURAL CAPITAL

Having cultural capital improves your _______ in life as it allows you to ________ people with higher _______ in society, eg _______ and it ________ social ________.

Answer 13

a) chances
b) impress
c) positions
d) employers
e) improves
f) standing

Question 14

Internal

What do interactionists believe teachers do?

Answer 14

Label students

Question 15

Internal

How does Rosenthal and Jacobson’s (1968) of teacher’s expectations & IQ study relate to class?

Answer 15

Gillborn & Youdell (1999) found that, statistically, black & working-class pupils were more likely to be in lower sets, despite similar grades to their peers.

Question 16

How are students from private school at an advantage in terms of higher education?

Answer 16

They’re 55x more likely to go to Oxford or Cambridge & 22x more likely to to to a highly-ranked uni than students entitled to FSM.

Question 17

__% of young people in England said they have used ________, according to the _______ (20__ - 20__)

Answer 17

a) 27
b) private tuition
c) Sutton Trust
d) 2017 - 2018

Question 18

In 2018-19, what percentage of students NOT eligible for FSM achieved 5 GCSE grades?

Answer 18

46.4%

Question 19

In 2018-19, what percentage of students eligible for FSM achieved 5 GCSE grades?

Answer 19

21.6%

Question 20

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

What does it mean to seek ‘immediate gratification’?

Answer 20

Doing things for short-term gain regarding happiness.

Question 21

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION

What does it mean to struggle with ‘deferred gratification’?

Answer 21

Being unable to resist pleasure and not doing things for long-term gain regarding happiness.

Question 22

External - CULTURAL CAPITAL

What is social capital?
Give examples

Answer 22

Having social benefits of connections/relationships with useful people.

Knowing teachers or who to contact to find best tutors.

Question 23

External - CULTURAL CAPITAL
S\_\_\_\_\_\_ B\_\_\_ (19\_\_) claimed government policies of CHOICE & COMPETITION help the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as they're '\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_' & use social \_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to secure school \_\_\_\_\_ if places are \_\_\_\_\_\_, whereas the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are '\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_' & less \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with \_\_\_\_\_ institutions like \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 23

a) Stephen Ball (1994)
b) middle-class
c) ‘skilled choosers’
d) networking/negotiating
e) entry
f) limited
g) working-class
h) ‘disconnected choosers’
i) comfortable
j) public
k) schools

Question 24

External - CULTURAL CAPITAL

Explain the school/parent alliance - according to STEPHEN BALL (1994).

Answer 24

MC parents want MC schools & schools want MC pupils for better results & less challenging pupils to teach.

Question 25

What are lower-attaining pupils more likely to be made to focus on?

Answer 25

Exam results, rather than learning eg they're less likely to study a language or arts subject.

Question 26

___________ pupils receiving a '___________ _________' is likely to affect _______ _______ later in life.

Answer 26

a) working class b) 'watered-down curriculum' c) social mobility

Question 27

______ reported that the P____ P_______ scheme was having _____ impact on the _________ students in a _____ number of ______. COUNTER: However, there has been __________ in the number of _____ using it ________.

Answer 27

a) Ofsted b) Pupil Premium c) little d) disadvantaged e) high f) schools g) improvements h) schools i) effectively

Question 28

B________ M______ is a _____ school in one of the ________ boroughs of _______ that received up to ___ ______ offers. Their 6th form is ______ ________ (____ applicants vs. ___ places)

Answer 28

a) Brampton Manor b) state c) poorest d) London e) 41 Oxbridge f) highly selective g) 3,000 vs. 300

Question 29

In B________ M______, ____ of the __ receiving ______ offers are on ____, and nearly ___ were from _______ ______ backgrounds. __% of students at the school are of ______ _______ background.

Answer 29

a) Brampton Manor b) half c) 41 d) Oxbridge e) FSM f) all g) ethnic minority h) 2% i) White British

Question 30

H________, H______ and M______ (19__) found that factors of pupils leads to teachers labelling them '_____' or '___'. These labels are associated with _____ and the ________ class is ____ likely to fit the label '____'. The teachers _______ the students ________ based off of their ____.

Answer 30

a) Hargreaves, Hester and Mellor (1975) b) 'good' or 'bad' c) class d) working e) more e) 'bad' f) interpret g) behaviour h) label

Question 31

Give examples of factors that Hargreaves, Hester and Mellor (1975) state contribute to a students label (3).

Answer 31

Appearance, response to discipline & personality.

Question 32

R_______ and J_______ did a _____ experiment on ________ school teachers in the ____ and provided them with _____ info about their students ___. They found that the students that the teachers believed had a ______ ___ made the most _______, demonstrating that a ___________ can occur.

Answer 32

a) Rosenthal and Jacobson b) field c) primary d) USA e) false f) IQ g) higher IQ h) progress i) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 33

S_______ B____ found that ___________ pupils were ____ likely to be placed in ______ bands even when their ________ ability at _______ school was the same as _________ pupils. Teachers had _____ expectations of the ______ bands and resulted in a __________.

Answer 33

a) Stephen Ball c) working class d) more e) lower e) measured f) primary g) middle class h) lower i) lower j) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 34

N____ K______ argues that _______ to answer questions were seen as attempts to ________ the class while in _______ sets, it was taken more _______. As a result, students in _______ sets were dismissed as ________ and ________.

Answer 34

a) Neil Keddie b) attempts c) disrupt d) higher e) seriously f) lower g) irrelevant and ignored

Question 35

G______ and Y_____ found that _______ class and _____ pupils were ____ likely to be placed in _______ sets despite gaining _______ results as their more ________ peers. They were often denied the _________ to sit ______ tiered GCSE exams, and so couldn't get a grade above a __/__ in ______ subjects.

Answer 35

a) Gillborn and Youdell b) working c) black d) more e) lower f) similar g) privileged h) opportunity i) higher j) 5/C k) certain

Question 36

External - MATERIAL DEPRIVATION ``` Where might working-class parents be unable to go to? Why? ```

Answer 36

Parents evening due to travel costs

Question 37

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION Why might working-class parents willingly chose to not attend parents evening?

Answer 37

They're put off by the middle-class atmosphere.

Question 38

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION What did New Right sociologist Melanie Philips claim?

Answer 38

The underclass has higher than average percentage of single parent families.

Question 39

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION Explain the 'smoke screen'.

Answer 39

Left realists suggest culture is something visible & hides the problems of material deprivation.

Question 40

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION Counter: explain the 'myth of cultural deprivation'.

Answer 40

Children can’t be deprived of their own culture - working-class fail due to discrimination in the middle-class dominated education system.

Question 41

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION Counter: as opposed to working-class children's restricted codes (Basil Bernstein) being the problem, what is argued?

Answer 41

School’s attitude towards children’s language through their teacher hierarchy of students is the problem.

Question 42

External - CULTURAL DEPRIVATION Counter: instead of being culturally deprived, what do many sociologists argue?

Answer 42

They are culturally different & schools should work with it.

Question 43

List 3 compensatory education programs.

Answer 43

Operation Head Start (1952) Education Action Zones (1997) Sure Start (2004)

Question 44

Compensatory education - what was Operation Head Start (1952)?

Answer 44

Focused on nutrition providing a breakfast club, milk cartons and ‘sport for all’.

Question 45

Compensatory education - what was Education Action Zones (1997)?

Answer 45

Stopped govt control by creating regional hubs ran by local authorities, giving them funds to allocate through the 'national tariff system'.